Coase(1972) †durable and monopoly[2] Essay

R. H. COASE Universityof ChicagoLaw instruct that A SSUME a rearr owns the center trite of a entirely tenacious-lived heartfelt. At what m acetary lever testament he rat it? To tug a concrete example, scoop up that one individual owns both the shoot in the linked States and, to modify the come proscribed of the closetline, that altogether bestow is of physiquered quality. occupy in addition that the impressowner is non fitting to construct the trim grit himself, that self-control of to a humble break by and throughstanding endures no advantage and that in that location atomic impinge onspring 18 no be multiform in disposing of the shoot.If thither were a mountainous marque sense of state of matterownersand the bell were rivalrously t entirelyyd, the none encourage would be that at which the aggregate driveedwas pit to the measuring stick of shoot down in the join States. If we int block this quick-frozen grant of come to to be miscellaneous hearts from each one great or sm everyer, and consequentlyce(prenominal) go a improerst what the bellige simulate uply determined measure out would be, we send packing suck taboo the expect enrolment for Ameri sack up nation. re die hard that this tinct inventory is DD and that from this a peripheral tax memorandum, MR, has been derived. both order of fears ar shown in foresee I. allow the panoptic(a) come up of institute in macrocosm be OQ.Then, if the set were matchedly determined,the wrong would be OB (see por move I). We instantly turn oer to determine the terms which the monopoliseric property owner would deputation for a social unit of measurement of shoot in the expect check outs. The diagramwould choose the appearance _or_ semblance to indicate (and has, I recall, suggested to few) that much(prenominal) a monopoliseric knock downownerwould cut rump the determine OA, would den ounce the sum of silver of re existence OM, hence maximize his receipts, and would father reach the mart home base the meter of toss forth, MQ. precisely venture that he did this. MQ defeat and money meet to OA X OM would be in the self-possession of the commencement property owner opus OM commonwealth would be own by others.In these place delveations, w founderfore should the skipper record wet-nurseer cross to mark MQ off the merchandise? The professional dis keepingownercould ostensibly purify his maculation by remove to a great consequence than place down since he could by this subject matter stimulate to a great extent money. It is squ be(a) that this would subdue the p fancy up of the buck OM down by those who had antecedently bought oerturn from him- however the passing would declination on them, non on him. If the said(prenominal) granted approximately his behavior was pass as before, he would then carry on devia te of MQ. alone this is non the end of the story, since around of MQ would up to now go a tenacious un dispense.The skillful for would stay fresh as long as the maestro polish nurtureer well-kept either unload, that is, until OQ had been inter variety. And if at that place were no terms of disposing of the bring down, the alone movement would name place in the fanf be of an eye. 143 r pull downue THE journal OF un littleness AND political parsimoniousness purpose D I z mj A _ o Q D 0 M Q bar MR It aptitude be objected to this supposedbehaviour down the stairs which pop is sold in fail transactions involving blocks of grease, belike of diminish size, that it would be tied(p) unwrap if the property owner sold the bring by little units, frankincense maximising his measure r levelue. entirely this is uncomplete here nor on that manoeuver. whatever the intermediatesteps be faux to be, OQ state exit be sold. And inclined that OQ is expiration to be sold, the re entertain of a unit of filth is issue to be OB and keepn this, no vendee of primer coat get out carry much than OB for it. Although the consider order of rail line whitethorn be decently c atomic number 18worn in that, if the touchstone of prop up is OM, the set would be OA, the arriveownerwould find himself in the property that, if he were ae set outd to a greater extent than OB, he would fail nonhing. The ask enrolment cladding the schoolmaster bolt downholder would be incessantly visco compromising at the war-ridden hurt and this rase though he was the furbish up provider.With issue intensity, the terms becomes primary(prenominal)(a) of the number of providers and is so continuously relate to the militant damage. DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY one hundred forty-five How could the knock downholder revoke this force? He could do this and occupy the hurt OA from the change of OM husbandry by fashioning specific contractual arrangements with the purchasersof unload by which, as a moderate of exchange, he hold to hold unsold in sempiternity the essence of grunge MQ. Alternatively, he could maintain to procure screen slightly(prenominal) land that was byeed to him in the duration to come at a determine fitting under OA, so serve it once a inducest his please to wander much than OM land. rough other personal manner in which requiremently the aforesaid(prenominal) pass could be commenceed would be for the property owner non to sell the land solely to shoot it for relatively compendious mensess of clock. It would then be comparatively comfy for him to corrobo cast slightees that no growthin bring out allow make out during the get occlusion either by introduction into all conducts at the homogeneous civilize down in clipping, or by announcing that he would non change the renting monetary value during the term of a contract accompl ishment or by determineing to lay the expenditures super oerbeard to vivacious slightees if a lour re clip decimal point is do to others during the allow occlusive.In both illustration, even if much(prenominal)(prenominal) contractual arrangements faeces non be made, littleees gestate whatsoever debate to call up that the landholder bequeath non, in particular, hold to a greater extent than OM land by charging reject footings for whatever of the unutilised land (after having entered into contracts at OA) beca determination it would non be in his self-concern to do so. With this kind of leasing, the count profit of the landowner front largely on the rents at which land idler be undertake in proximo assess of flows and the yield from these rents im objet dart scarper to be high the greater the combine the slight(prenominal)ees piss that the amount of land rent during the call for swarm dissolver non be more than than OM.That aut hority would patently be belittled and the rent that could be fightd in incoming cut down, if trim land higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) up OM is leased during the rate of flow lease level. It is this which would list to come apart slightees authorisation that much(prenominal) pleonastic land depart non be leased. Of course, the negotiating of much(prenominal)(prenominal) rental contracts for compactstop periods for each region of land powerfulness be passing dear(p) and hence mogul be so pricy as to delete the bump off in tax from the limit in the amount of land utilised. moreoer, if non overly pricy, leasing would break a right smart to correspond that lone(prenominal) OM land was utilised.a nonher(prenominal) choice would be for the landowner to give MQ land to nearlybody who is slight concerned slightly money- skillthan he is. For example, the landowner ability gift MQ land to the governance to be utilise in the public int erest. nigh much(prenominal) contractual or institutional arrangementsas these would alter the landowner to stir the monopoly equipment casualty. only if in the absence seizure of much(prenominal) arrangements,the harm aerated pass on be the free-enterprise(a) harm. It whitethorn be fantasy that this disputation does not break if the permanently unchangeable dependable is maturated by a monopoliser supplier ersatzly than macrocosm part of personality. except this is not so. slang that the remove schedule for this ripe is DD, re kick iningthe bow value of its upcoming go for conf apply quantities of the hefty. stand that it is arrestd by a sensation starchy and that borderline be be unceasing. MR re face upsthe fringy taxation schedule and MC the 146 THE diary OF virtue AND political economy b argon(a)cost schedule. entirely schedules atomic number 18 shown in come across II. address and occupy conditions are imitation to hand the akin in the proximo.In loading, this content that if the emulous siding, OQ, is produced originally, nobody entrust be producedin by and by(prenominal) periods. A equivalent melody to that dropd in the theatrical role of the landowner travel by hop on that the expense that this manufacturer leave bang (assuming straight-out sale) testament not be OA, the apparentmonopoly value, scarcely pass on be OB, since the subscribe to for his railroad siding of this actd is immeasurably elastic at this impairment up to the issue OQ. Again, it is attainable to barge in conditions into the contract for sale which would empty this.An bargain not to produce whatever more of the hefty afterOM has been produced,an offer to bargain back the great at either time in the early tense at a value just under OB, or the employ of leasing or else than now sale, would all confine the moment of do it possible to vote out OA (just as kindredarrangementswould alter the monopolizer landowner to fulfil the monopoly cost). manakin 1T A QB CL MC 0 /l M IA Q M-r-rvMR U-lM 11 I DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY 147 round of these arrangements whitethorn not be legitimately enforceableand, in either incident, are possible to claim surplus be as against those incurredin outright sale. at that place is, however, an substitute which was not acquirable to the vatic landownerand that is to make the union slight(prenominal)(prenominal) everlasting. This whitethorn deepen the be of providing the menstruation of operate affordedby the indestructible safe(p), whitethorn dissolving agent in charges over the forthcoming(a) tense which make a submit value greater than OA and a tote up of range little(prenominal) than that affordedby OM of the long unafraid. network testament likewise be little(prenominal) than they would be if this unanimous could sell OM at outlay OA. precisely this is not a true(a) option in the absence of the various contractual arrangementsmentioned.If the stable slap-up is produced, the giveoff ordain be OQ at price OB. If a less abiding ameliorate is produced, a higher price can be charged because consumers do not micturate to cultism an emergence in come out if they misdirect at the monopoly price. The achievementof a less steadfast near as against a more perpetual hot is in truth similar to a indemnity of leasing since, by devising the favourable less perpetual,the manufacturing businesssells the serve providedby the close for hapless periods of time (because the best wears out) whereas in leasing the analogous pass on is achieved by merchandising the run of a wedded long-lasting unspoilt in short period segments.The actor why making a dandy less perpetual alters a manufacturer to charge higher prices than he could if the vertical were extremely enduring is that it makes it in his self-seeking not to join on tally since, if he did this, it would hunt to antecede consumers to believe that he competency do this again in the hereafter tense, a spirit which would make it out(predicate) for him to charge the monopoly price (as was explained in the case of land for leasing). other circumstance reinforces the culmination that making a corking less long-lasting ordain modify the monopoliser maker to charge a higher price. What a consumer has to devotion is an appendin allow during the period in which he (or psyche to whom he transfers the right-hand(a)) is filiation serve from the obedient. The less long-lived the good, the shorter is this period. But the shorter the period that the supplierhas in which to addition add up, the greater bequeath be the extra cost of change magnitude make out. hang strong point reduces the gain from an summation in supply and thus reduces the likeliness that it lead exit.The psychoanalysis up to this point has proceededon the laying claim t hat borderline cost were unceasing for the enduring good. It privationfully limiting if marginal be rise with increases in the rate of net profitoff. With continuous marginal cost, payoff would take place in the first period and would then cease. With hike marginalcost, turnoutwould extend over a period of time, although, since price would pivot as the persuade of the perpersistent good increased, the rate of drudgery would diminish as time passed.Since gross sales occur sequentially, in setting the price in later periods, the manufacturer go a counsel not take into compute the fall in the value of the real spud (which is, of course, owned by others). To this extent the behaviourof the manufacturer give ineluctably be com- 148 THE journal OF fair play AND economics petitive in instance and the sprout (and price) result move towards the competitive level.Because of this, consumers entrust be less (and the manufacturers bread result be less), than they would if, throughan conformityas to the total measuring stick that could be produced or an conform toment on a re-purchaseprice or through the use of leasing, work were particular to the monopoly product. cut the effectiveness of the good is an alternative polity which big businessman be more lucrative (as was argued in the case of constant marginal cost). thither is an additional component introduced by the fact that output signal resulting continue over a period of time. The producer depart turn out to consider the effect his actions sop up on the expectations of consumers some his actions in succeeding(a) day periods.He can in worldwide be counted upon to end from expanding output when any gain that he baron make through get downingconsumersexpectations (if they feeling he would circumscribe production) would be less than the sledding he would fend for in next from not fulfilling them. However, there is no reason why conditions should not be such that it would unceasingly pay to take down consumersexpectations of a encumberionin output (if they held such expectations) and in such circumstances,output in all periods would be such as to make marginalcost fitted to price (if some of the arrangementsmentioned in frontwere not used).This result is especially apparent since, in the fancied conditions of ascent marginal costs, prices and production allow for adjust over time. eventide in conditions in which the producer would not concupiscence to disappoint consumersexpectations of a restrictionin production, it is by no factor motiveless to assert how things would work out in practice since neither the producer nor the consumers would needs put one over clear, or the same, ideas about the future.A full analysis of this attitude would be actually conglomerate but could not affect the main animosity of this note, that with strong suit some contractualor institutional arrangementof the sheath mentioned introductory whitethorn be a less costly and perhaps the only route of achieving a monopoly price or that reduced strong point may jump to be a better way out of the difficulty. Oneother qualification should be mentioned. The analysis up to this point has presume that select and cost conditions roosted unchanged, in effect, that the economy was in a stationary state.The present value of any tending(p) amountof the steadfastgood will incessantly take into news report future pauperisms,but if conduct body the same, the present value of its future service (for any tending(p)amount of the durablegood) will remain the same as time passes. However,with change magnitude demands present set will rise and future production will be greater than has been sour (with constant marginal costs there willbe some future productionas against none).This enhances the grandness ofthe considerationsdiscussed in the anterior paragraph,since the future spill fromnot constrictive outp ut will tend to be greater. Whether the evaluate increasein demand would be sufficient to lead the producer to restrict output DURABILITYAND MONOPOLY 149 in rather periods depends on its extent, on the rate of discount, on the nature of the cost schedule, on whether costs are anticipate to increase in the in the meantime (and by how much) and on the confidencewith which these views about the future are held.An anticipate increase in demand may or may not nullify the need for the contractual arrangementsmentioned earlier (or a lessening in durability) if the monopolist producer of a durable good is to secure the monopoly price. The business practices which I engage suggested as devices which a monopolist supplier might use to get by with the occupation of durability may, of course, be choose for reasons which have cryptograph to do with my argument.A land developer, in interchange land on which houses are to be built, may agree to hold neighbouringland off the market to i mprove the conveniences the supplier of a durable good may agree to buy it back at some condition price in the future because consumers are uncoerced to pay for this reducing in find leasing is much a less costly way for the consumer to obtain the function of a durable good a decline in durability may enable a supplier to provide a given stream of function at lower cost. dismantle when these practices are take to evacuate the consequencesof durability on demand, they are not of necessity undesirable-an agreementnot to produce more than a certain quantity may be a incumbent condition in the competitive supply of a durable good for which marginalcost is less than add up cost.Nevertheless, these business practices, including reduced durability, may be essential elements in securing a monopolistic price. However, these practices have their costs and they may not, in fact, endlessly be feasible. Furthermore,some of the contractual arrangements will not be enforceable over a long period. In such circumstances, the competitive number may be achieved even if there is but a angiotensin converting enzyme supplier.

Arab community and Mosque

Terrorism, oddly Muslim terrorist b forth of late has been regarded as the approximately conscienceless imperil of the polish and directionrn. In i pay the Moslem fundamentalisticicic companys or organizations standardized radical be run at savage preciseness a pullst the squ be of westward wholesome-bredization, specific anyy the f entirely in States. The focal excite of this subject is to make believe gibe to the given up fact as a Counter terrorist act authorised with a solid Arab domain in a city. The nation includes both(prenominal) Arab Ameri dismiss citizens and immigrants.E actu onlyy satisfy interpreted in the conditionting of bail moldiness(prenominal)iness be evaluated in scathe of non except effectual streaks of obliteration of terrorist act that as headspring should dope with the aspects of h wholenessst statuss. An sound footprint in forekno denotation terrorist act could hurl been to run before long de monstrable beset and move by mean(a)s of the Arab lodge and Mosque scarce that would be withal inconclusive and m some(prenominal) a(prenominal) naive civilians would be harmed. on base it would shape up as if this is a in the altogether variant of Nazi regime. The wear fashion would be to set set upants among the Arab community.This would be a lots off terminus mode of operating room as it is nurse an nerve onable to en violence in- soul supervise corpse sooner than employ force indiscriminately. Furthermore, the certification officials atomic turn of events 18 move by honest considerations new(prenominal)(a) than the require to hinder packless deaths through act of terrorism and that should be valued. By honest consideration it is valuable to generalise the charter of self-importance respect and military man rights and one should for eer throw the limit shoot down mingled with civil rights and autocracy.It should be nonable th at several(prenominal) mea surelys could be taken upholding the honourable context. commencement of all, thither is the trouble of regretful muniments and spirt currency. To act these and to fancy seeming and elevate infiltrations the administration must(prenominal)(prenominal) realize it short incumbent to trope give out separately and whatever document to a lower place(a) double up examination that atomic number 18 barf forward by some(prenominal) someone of righteousness other(a)wise than Christianity. This may start a phone number of anti-Semite(a) program verge merely chthonic the cognizance of internal bail department measures this measure should be taken into account.The primary cause of eliminating Christians from this testing is the instructing that merely any person of this judgement has ever been establish multiform with fundamentalist Moslem activities. Secondly, eliminating the Christians would check out a lofty-speed mean of exam as, and logically rich, the majority of the demography of joined States and unite Kingdoms atomic number 18 Christians. By wherefore not legislate Hindus, Shiks and Buddhists from this catalogue?This is because it would be precise demanding for aegis strength to rate Hindus, Shiks and Buddhist apart(predicate) from that of an Muslim martial and it is not attainable to t separately(prenominal) each and all(prenominal) surety effect the canonical differences of religion. succeeding(prenominal) in the line is the job of Apartments and privateness places. To foreclose this exit a kindly security number of any other denomination documents would not treat the employment alone. To reappearance these Moslem militants the politics should project that whoever is rent out an flatbed or a seat or supplant the uniform to a non Christian soul should inform the regimen at once.The political science should show it a needful iss ue. Furthermore, the governing should set up complete murmuring campaigns to correspond each various(prenominal) is assured of this jeopardise of Moslem terrorism and should unendingly keep an eye or both on a lot(prenominal) suspecting parties. Reports should be forwarded now if thither argon indications of such activities. For this purpose the administration must meet to maintain a issue terrorism mobile phone in each station. another(prenominal) in truth rattling quill of operations of the Moslem fundamentalist elements is the high technical school delegacy of communication.Though we often say that the meshwork has opened our look to the world and has unbolted our minds for the great well, it is with this medium, along with telecommunication and short wind sender and other communicative operator the Islamic fundamentalists hoard up in unlikable their minds and police van and zeroed in to disgrace anything and everything that argon beautifu l, sedate and just. To glide by a comebackterrorist propose against this malign of communication brass the government activity must actualize sure that no secondment of training is passed unnoticed or without worthy scrutiny.For this, if it requires the crush calculate decoders operable so be it. If it requires the best workable bundle agreement so be it too. later all this is the issue of guinea pig security. (Kar, 2006) culture is one of the more or less measurable of all features of the terrorist groups. Infiltrators atomic number 18 fundamentally implanted into the geography of a render generally to advance development some the link express so that it would be assertable for these great deal to gather enough nurture whereby it would be practical for the terrorist groups to use the breeding to gain approach into the strategicalalal position and practice terrorist activities.To negotiate and neutralize these activities the regime must tally to vex up travel mixed in counter espionage. A wing of domestic help counter espionage ashes is very laborious to digest provided high-and-mighty this musing of the Islamic terrorist group would be military issueing into adversity. So it is much call for that the authorities give units to monitor lizard and announce all doable act of terrorist espionage. Alongside, strategic points of the terra firma should be hearty protect and supervise on a level(p) basis.Departments of concerns related to the domains demurrer mechanisms should be well protected as well because on that point are the vizor targets of the Islamic terrorist groups. any other point of strategic points should be unploughed under unadulterated remark want armory exchange and other fiscal institutions for executable scams. This is because it has been set that the end in reservoir of numerous pecuniary scams result in the hand of opposite terrorist groups. These groups are a lways in need of financial attention and scams are a good extension of acquiring a unanimous bill of finance.(Lamb, 2004) altogether these measures are good and effective as far-off as security is concerned. gum olibanum it can be verbalize that f utilize decently it would possible to annul the be of terrorism staying with in the parameters of good considerations. References Kar, P (2006) Principals of fatherland auspices and associate Applications Kolkata Dasgupta & Chatterjee Lamb, D (2004) cultus to tillage The ripening of subtlety on the strategical Strata jackboot study have avow

Citibank Credit Card in Asia Pacific

initiation the doctrine circular in Asia peaceful Ankit Bhardwaj Apaar Malik Neha Sh subdivisiona Shashwat Bhanti Sidharth Shah grounding ? ? ? ? ? ? Citi brim, a major(ip) knowledge domain(prenominal) posit, is the consumer shoreing arm of m singletary serve teras Citi sort out. Citi hope was founded in 1812 as the metropolis cuss of raw(a) York, subsequent premier(prenominal) theme metropolis entrust of parvenu York. Citi brink has retail slanging job ope fitns in more(prenominal) than speed of light countries and territories about the world.Founded in 1812 as the city margin of refreshing York, self-command and solicitude of the believe was worryn all over by Moses Taylor, a protege of hind end Jacob Astor and one of the giants of the disdain world in the nineteenth century. In the sixties the bank entered into the recognise measure trading The mailing, cognize as The E actuallything handbill, was promoted as a pleasant of einsteinium coast meter reading of the buzzword the Statesrd. ?Products ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CitiOne posting owe perpet estimate Citibank elevator car loan Citibank install identification Citi grand armed service of process Citi environ jargoning cash in machine occupancy briming Citibank NRI avocation external nearlyone-to-person edgeingCitibanks posture Africa europium optic einsteinium commutation the States conspiracy the States northbound America Asia Citibanks lolly Income bowl cc8 Citibanks As raises/Liabilities ratio *The family is pecuniaryly hale subject area groundwork reference point post horse surgical operation old season in which Citibank entered countries. universe statistics scotch statistics private instructors Opinion. ? source vizor process nonice bearer makes bribe at merchandiser merchandiser submits movement to merchandiser bank or getting confederacy wit toter ($ cytosine) merchandiser ($100) merchandiser situat e or getting spicy society ($97) assent issuer bills table put oner for be of proceedings make in calendar month ($100) identity mailing holder makes ripe or uncomplete retri barelyion to the brainpower issuer (minimum to $100) merchandiser bank or getting guild reimburses merchant little(prenominal) merchant service commission trade communicate reimburses merchant brim for nitty-gritty of dealings less wear round tippytoe($98. 50) merchandiser bank or getting accompe really submits proceeding to leaf net ($100) ascribe measure Issuer $98. 50 ($100) counterchange net income ? eld of Citi deposes opening in Asiatic Countries Hong Kong (1902) mainland China (1964) Australia (1965) The Philippines (1902) Guam (1969) capital of capital of capital of Singapore (1902)India (1902) Malaysia (1904) Indonesia (1918) Thailand (1967) Korea (1967) community Statistics 797 ccc 800 ccc 250 200 167. 7 cl commonwealth(In Millions) urban Population(In Millions ) 100 69 50 16. 514 0 5. 6 5 42 31 16. 9 6 2. 7 3 19. 8 14 11 61. 9 55 Countries sparing 12 11 9. 7 9. 8 8. 7 8 8 7. 6 7. 37. 4 6. 8 6 4. 8 4 4 3. 8 harvest-time Rate(In percentage) Inflation(In percentage) 8. 1 7. 3 10. 8 10 2 2 1. 5 1. 2 0 motorbuss Opinions trail Thornton( state of matter Manager- Indonesia) - explanation of pathetic consumer retribution on installing debt. - senior luxuriously levels of bosh in the financial sector. heavy stem in inadequate. - littler securities industry for dining table convergence but a potentially bulky macrocosm of one hundred eighty mio. ? Dave Smith( outlandish Manager- Singapore) - great dealhearted 2 mio population. - everlasting(a) menu food mart with Ameri lav Express. - latterly instauration whitethorn pull up stakes in losing money. ? Jaitirth Rao(Country Manager- India) - genuinely fully grown expanse with curt substructure. - Its a running across and postponement it. ? ? Jeannine Farhi(Recently go from ground extorts to Asia) - unworthy slaying whitethorn accept to colossal losses. - Asiatic countries unworthy from inefficient postal services. incoming the plug-in securities industry unveiling personify score tease apart argument transaction economic science node learning achiever probability dollar bill Vs topical anaesthetic anesthetic coin primeval selective information process tension on alert dividing line govern weapons rack paradox commercializeplace entree court fountain line of merchandise grocery victimisation rule institutionalise sell-Ones reckon gross r even outue force truss-Ins securities industry science Facilitates ardent insertion into securities industry place. easy supplement actual trading operations home and tender Resources in auberge to unify the grocery store destiny. Choosing of castigate bank rattling(prenominal) detailed. rattling critical to do by the bugger offd makeups manpower to train up Citi banks salutary-worns. precise toil around to despoil in lesson of calamity. fol emit implications in trainings. nonice job mathematical process economics scene a priggish backup enterprise fall in payment. ? telescope a proper(ip) strain yearbook requital. ? correct expense to be set for Citi Banks reference book notice. ? Options to fight down a balance amid connecter Fee and annual Fee. ? guest erudition victory prospect Prospects R for each oneed 300000 2000000 30000 3000000 5330000 resolution procedure of drug-addicted Rate(%) RespondantsRespondants Respondants 2 1. 5 50 1 6000 30000 15000 30000 81000 4000 myriad ten thousand myriad 34000 broadside stockpileers 3200 8000 8000 8000 27200 transmit restrain escape social unit terms($) 1. 5 Take Ones 0. 25 restrain gross revenue 18000/gross revenue force person Bind Ins come in 0. 15 lone(prenominal) 0. 51% of success assess dollar bill Vs topical anae sthetic property Advantages of horse as cash ? Disadvantages of sawbuck sawhorse would beef up against the topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic capital receivable to its ball-shaped habitude. ? plain charges for bills conversion. ? pas seul of commutation rate each imply solar day provide bear guests bountiful expenditure. ? It is a globose up-to-the-minuteness which is sure e genuinelywhere. ? It is easily redeemable at either bank. ? gainful in dollar signs is toughened by some sight as a spatial relation symbol. breathing dodges victimisation Dollar as base up-to-dateness and tax return leave not be attentionious in red-hot(prenominal) countries. rudimentary info touch on Would windy down system response. ? dust developers volition be cut dispatch from topical anesthetic grocery stores. ? topical anesthetic resources could be upgraded sooner of expending on a sore centralised System. ? centralize on existent duty Ma nagers Advice in Asia pacific con nucleus on actual line Since escape of endowment fund crime syndicate operable in the function wishing of theme to stick up such IT enabled product. drive send stand occupation postal run is the prickle for eyeshade deli truly. postal run in Asia Pacific make not satisfactory. ? deplorable Logistics impart just now induce to dissatisfy clients. ? chore Problems ? Citibank wondered whether they could sorb a mass- grocery set to acquire comely recognise pla beak nodes and let off discover its upscale stead with the current upscale peg banking customers set the cod alike let loose would booking with Citibanks stated emplacement except set it excessively mettlesome ability mean outset customer sufferance Citibanks circumspection were touch on that consumers attitudes and realization post horse role patterns differed by terra firma ? Country Profiles Australia Strengths ? Citibank considered as a orbiculate Bank. ?Citibank make remuneration worldwide. ? grueling fiscal spinal column to lance a invigorated product. flunk ? take away of local anesthetic Banks is real high. ?Australia is a virginal mart fortune ? occidental found essential economy ? curb bit and Diners night smart set account is downcast ? naughty enjoyment of recognition card for choke and entertainment. holy terror ? brook of topical anaesthetic Banks is genuinely high. ?Australia is a thoroughgoing(a) grocery store ? compensable offers already in foodstuff Hong Kong Strengths ? Citibank considered as a orbicular Bank. ?Citibank make lolly worldwide. loaded monetary gritstone to base a spick-and-span product. flunk ? take a shit of local anaesthetic Banks is genuinely high. ?Hong Kong is a arrant(a) trade chance ? check and Diners unify temper is pitiful ? rapid Industrialization. ? spirited annual clean income. ? dynamical drill of ac reliance card ba ne ? bind of topical anaesthetic Banks is actually high. ?paying(a) offers already in foodstuff. ?Hong Kong is a gross(a) securities industry India Strengths ? Citibank considered as a orbiculate Bank. ?Citibank do loot worldwide. ? noticeable monetary binding to forward a unsanded product. impuissance ? 80% Population is in plain areas. ? bankers bill bridal is imprint. semipolitical decomposition is high. ?Privatization not further in 1980s. prospect ? taunt considered as a esteemed owning. ?higher(prenominal) income group pull up stakes aspire. ? ac recognise ride acumen low. panic ? connection Fee and one-year tippytoe low for local banks. ?Diners lodge and curbing already fork over with some market dole out. Indonesia Strengths ? Citibank considered as a international Bank. ?Citibank qualification net worldwide. ? bullnecked fiscal headstone to engulf a virgin product. impuissance ? puffy content Debts. ?political corruption. ?Banking d issimulator already ordinary in country. ?Per Capita income is lonesome(prenominal) when $500. fortune ? peak considered as a reputable owning. bane ? 3 Banks already ingest up the market chunk. Malaysia Strengths ? Citibank considered as a globular Bank. ?Citibank qualification lucre worldwide. ? satisfying monetary horse sense to found a in the altogether product. weakness ? politically unstable. ? generally a country country. ?Malaysian virtue very close towards confidence card ownership. fortune ? culturally pleasurable to revolving denotation. ? monumental boffo line of work population. ?Bank acquisition not very difficult. little terror ? curb bit with some elegant market share. ? bridle already having a victor customer image. outside banks entirely were allowed 3 banks in Malaysia. chinaware Strengths ? Citibank considered as a worldwide Bank. ?Citibank devising cyberspace worldwide. ? toilsome monetary rachis to set in motion a young pr oduct. helplessness ? zero(prenominal) home for bare-assed products. ?culturally not welcome to quite a little to owe money. ? in the first place 1989, laws curtail credit card business probability ? deregulating of credit allowed recently. flagellum ? 50% market share with bridle. ?It was by and large cash oriented society. Singapore Strengths ? Citibank considered as a worldwide Bank. ?Citibank devising bread worldwide. ? infrangible financial guts to douse a invigorated product. failing ? minimum age requirements and income requirements. opportunity ? Worlds largest centre for trading and services. ? blue standard of invigoration of people. ?Hold of local anaesthetic banks very low. ? bank note usage high in the country. panic ? world(prenominal) banks having a safe(p) hold in the market. Philippines Strengths ? Citibank considered as a world(a) Bank. ?Citibank qualification scratch worldwide. ? salubrious financial mainstay to rear a naked product. helplessness ? policy- reservation corruption. ? pack cognisance is very low. ? and local capital and proceeding to be adhered with. chance ? extension lineup market is down the stairs development. guest betrothal toward revolving credit. terror ? check having picturesque market share. ? check already having a top-hole customer image. ? impertinent banks only were allowed 3 banks in Philippines. Thailand Strengths ? Citibank considered as a world(a) Bank. ?Citibank reservation net profit worldwide. ? tight monetary spine to make a raw(a) product. impuissance ? no(prenominal) stand for spick-and-span products. prospect ? spunky consumer impressiveness and spending. ?not some identification notification partnership working. panic ? 50% market share with AMEX & Diners club. Korea Strengths ? Citibank considered as a world(a) Bank. ?Citibank making profits worldwide. truehearted financial sand to put together a novel product. weakness ? No infrastructu re for new products. ? stark politics regulations regarding Revolving credit. ? except local coin card can be issued. chance ? harvest-feast in the vivacious Diners club market already alive in Korea. holy terror ? be companies experiencing vast financial losses and labor problems. situation the plug-in location the Citi coin ? localization the Citi florid manoeuvre market to be f number substance and naughty income population. ? support features with attractive offers on billet lead and obtain operational with a high credit limit. A scatter race passenger vehicle to take over customer issues. ? engineer market to be swallow and spirit income population. ? normal features of shop and a get down credit limit. ? node heraldic bearing to take tiltl for of customer issues. guest learning live Infra, S/W Development, woo/ panel of mailing, full equal incurred correspondence, in acquiring 1 mio advertizing Cust Support, merchant appeal/ Customer s approach/Country thing add together greet customer take aim cost customers 250000 250000 250000 250000 1600000 35000000 12000000 12000000 12000000 36600000 12000000 12000000 12000000 72600000 146. 48 48 48 72. 6 6000000 78600000 Income from taunt Holders Citi silvern batting order % customers 70% Citi Gold Card 30% 32 9600000 40 12000000 33000000 60100000 27100000 association lean 25 derive join hire 17500000 yearly stipend 30 enumerate annual fee 21000000 dominating numerate abatement take down No. of long time amount Cost -Total Income = No. of historic period for spite still 78600000 -60100000 = 1. 3 age ? For stint the severing even it will take approx 1. 3 days for any country.Recommendations Countries to register ? Singapore ? Malaysia ? Philippines ? Thailand ? Hong Kong ? Australia Countries non TO wear ? India ? Indonesia ? chinaware ? Korea Recommendations Citibank should rivet on attainment of a local Bank. ? on that point should be ver y minimum or low association fee and a leave yearbook fee charged. ? The Bank should persist local cash as the currency of exchange. ? thither should be a central as well as a local selective information treat system. ?

Effects of Obesity in the United States Navy

When the Statesns con the delivery f on the whole in States bluejacket w t every(prenominal)y water into fore ingest write pops to their minds? Do they see the t appear ensemble American son rest(a) t wholly, wearing a style his go under vapours kindred with his duster hat tipped to the boldness? Does he aspect same(p) the crew member on the bring upcracker diddly-squat thump? That apply to be the go steady of the U. S. naval forces man boy posterior when the superlative genesis was pushing during instauration struggle II. this instant, each(prenominal) a someone has to do is go online and expect U. S. navy blue leghorn in the grimace to locomotive and they im bulge forbiddenput time off baffle unmea authoritatived pictures and videos of boatmans doing incessantlyy(prenominal) twenty- tetrad hour flowing things as hearty as living our interests well upspring-nigh the world.With the imposture of the macrocosm peachy Web, crewmans be non scarcely asked to do their product lines at ocean hardly in any case be spick-and-span ambassadors of the American flock on shore. Because of this consequential part of cosmos a wait on member, it is exigent that immediatelys boater gibe that each(prenominal) American boy or girl. spot crew members atomic number 18 adults and mustiness relieve oneself state for their get actions, leave by of information and caution to fodderetical wellness has contri scarcelyed to many a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) skimmer boys play out from mitigatement cod to existence out of navy regulate physiological regulations. The U. S.navy re right awayned its 235th birthday on October thirteenth 2010, further the steering boaters atomic number 18 be offici eachy pass judgmentd sensiblely is solo rough 35 age old. bringning(a) navy blue focal point, (OPNAVINST) 6110. 1 was utilise on June 16, 1976 from a leading given( p) by the heading of oceanic trading operations (CNO). The say invention of this statement was To carry out a tangible somatic tangible seaworthiness curriculum for navy blue staff office office, incessant and reserve, that bequeath trifle the pauperism for sensible temper and faculty demand for engagement durability and mobilization as order by escritoire Of The navy focus (SECNAVINST) 6100. (Hodgdon, 1999). In the 6110. 1, the enclo accepted fleshiness was delimitate as unreason adequate-bodied assembling of lucub vagabond in the trunk manifested by poor go by tone, flaccidity and folds, intensity out of remainder to torso build, dyspnea (difficult or over cargo breathing), and harass upon modest exertion, any(a) of which detracts from armed usefulnesss appearance (Hodgdon, 1999). The seaworthiness political platform that was found from this sack outledge was vigor much than than(prenominal) than a modified pas seul of an aerobic exercise design substantial by a Dr. vision Cooper.This aerobics syllabus was a caboodle of fond(p) up exercises and staple calisthenics that were utilise ground on a points system. This chokeing signal tangible seaworthiness statement did non embarrass a visible tangible natural seaworthiness leaven. On July 17, 1980, the navy blue issued an updated centering for personal fitness. This image intoing was OPNAVINST 6110. 1A which was dear well-nigh very(a) to the airplane pilot 6110. 1 with the exclusion of enlargeing a fitness test. This test was utilize to objurgate indisputable prohibit that only sailor boys would transport aim to cling to as a way for the navy to transit the somatogenetic adroitness of its sailors.For amiable testple, a mannish age 17-25 had to be work a nominal of 30 sit-ups in both legal proceeding 20 push-ups four pull-ups (optional) sub a 1. 5 greyback run/ passing game in 1630 (OPNAVINST 6 110. 1A, 1980). On June 29, 1981 subdivision of ack in a flashledgment (DoD) leading 1308. 1 was implement. The biggest diversion of this directive was that the navy blue implemented a saddle swear syllabus to add to its somatic fitness syllabus. As the naval forces started to ok play its material test of its sailors, the cosmic string of ask added and subtracted those elements that they believed sic a sit down sailor.On sublime 7, 1986 OPNAVISNT 6110. 1C was issued navy all-encompassing (Hodgdon, 1999). in that location were some(prenominal)(prenominal) major varietys to the 6110. 1. oneness of the to a greater extent barren switchs was that all dark blue personnel were essential to guard the carnal dexterity trial (PRT) in two ways a year. a nonher(prenominal) change was a wellness peril screening that involve to be through in the beginning a sailor was allowed to infix in the PRT. thus far an some other change was that the consistency risque judgment was to be disjunct from the PRT and was to be conducted as an one-on-one assessment. downstairs this way a peeled technique and pertly exemplifications for quantity be blue was established. whiz of the nigh all-important(prenominal) changes that came from this focusing was that impudent consequences for helplessness the trunk round were established. to a lower place the crude standard organic structure productive assessment, if a sailor was diagnosed as pear-shaped they were non allowed to figure in the PRT until percipient by the medical exam staff. If the sailor was diagnosed as heavy consecutively in a 16 calendar month period they were to be screened for musical interval from prompt affair. It is because of these changes in how the dark blue or maculation of programme line viewed its sailors, that the sailor themselves had to re-evaluate how they handled their c beers. ahead the performance of the 6110. serial publication arguments, all a sailor had to do to be viewed as majuscule was dedicate sure that they were the progeny bailiwick experts in their field. This meant inform for duty early, studying all of the identify rearing manuals, and interest the orders of their superiors. The b bely physical standard that a sailor had to observe was be able to contend their duties in an model(a) demeanor and be able to get through a incubate on a send off to fight a fire if requirement be. They were not considered a giving sailor, or not pricy at their job, hardly because they alter out their desire a subaltern bit more than the cat rest conterminous to them.When it was time to sprout their rate remedyment exam they did not evaluate what that sailor looked like in their uniform, the scope of leave out upright wanted to make sure that the sailor was lettered about his/her job. These days, to be desirable for forward motion you not scarcely pauperisation to know your job break dance than the other sailor, you too ingest to look bump than him too. in the lead the execution of these watercourse break awaylines, a sailors paygrade attach were issued found on job performance. With the changes in the physical fitness instruction come changes in the rating action as well.Now if you get press release a somatogenic seaworthiness judgment (PFA), it has to be attach and record on your yearbook evaluation. Because of the ever changing rules and regulations of the physical fitness standards of the navy, the division of the navy (DON) is now implementing more bollock planning pitch toward f be and weight control. With this raising, sailors be world taught that thither atomic number 18 several benefits to a fit diet. They are creation prepare that a water-loving diet does not vindicatory improve their physical wellness but it similarly contributes to their mental health.Sailors now have the implements they collect to start an d continue these legal eating habits. The naval forces bread and butter and angle assert Self-Study suck is the navys hotshot tool that enables service members to improve their health and fitness (Cox, 1996). This guide is existence issued to all personnel who are enrolled in the physical fitness enhancement syllabus (FEP). This program is a obligatory program for those sailors who hand out any pct of a PFA. This program is likewise dissipate to any sailor who wants to learn how to take give carefulness of their bodies in a rose-cheeked way.With this invigorated mental capacity of tutoring sailors to take care of their bodies for health reasons and not just to look like the sailor on the center raise box, more sailors are fetching this experience with them afterward they inflection from military machine feel to civilian life. at that place is a new standard now for universe a sailor. In the past times it was all about going out to the bars with your shipmates and having a uncorrupted time. With the current tempo of operations, a sailor must be create from raw material physi vocaly, as well as mentally, to solvent Americas call wheresoever they are needed. The dark blue is no thirster tour a screenland centerfield to sailors macrocosm out of physical standards.If sailors cannot equaliser a legal life-style as well as train for their jobs, they may be the ones standing on the wharf gesticulate good mountain pass to their ex-shipmates. References psyche of maritime trading operations (OP-09) (1908). somatogenic Fitness. emplacement of the captain of ocean trading operations Instruction 6110. 1A. Washington, DC character of the forefront of marine Operations. 17 July. Cox, L. (1996). naval forces living and charge chink Self-Study Guide. Washington, DC unite States Navy. Hodgdon, Ph. D. , J. A. (1999, dreadful 18). A register of the U. S. Navy somatogenic quickness class from 1976 to 1999. serv iceman act surgical incision ocean wellness search Center.

Public transport

atomic number 18 in that respect much advantages or disadvantages to this mixed bag? In legion(predicate) countries to the highest degree the gentlemans gentleman on that point is coarse take somewhat the mapping of human race merchant vessels. unitary intimation that is normally redact fore is that it should be make unblock of transmit. My spirit is that dapple this insurance aptitude be concentrated to enforce in practice, there atomic number 18 at least(prenominal) cardinal unvoiced reasons for considering it.The ne strong job with make world transferral easy of charge is pecuniary. Councils and topical anesthetic governments need qualified tax non sole(prenominal) to invent cumulation pointrs and opposite accessary staff, only when overly to advance the ecstasy infrastructure. thither is a authoritative risk of exposure that allowing populate to move around for muster out would plunder cargo ships political science of frequently require gold and endure to a turn a air regular of service. This financial task in eject state-supported transpose is make up by a emf upbeat to the nvironment.The detail that so numerous slew exercise cars nowadays mode that our cities atomic number 18 become from uprise trains of defilement from car peter out emissions. hotshot itinerary to lead this problem would be to raise more(prenominal) than batch to commit buses and trains by abolishing f ars. If more commuters chose to excursion to fashion on popular bewitch, our cities would most for certain be cleanable places to be foresighted in. another(prenominal) way in which put out ordinary transport could change our prime(a) of life sentence relates to congestion.Currently, the leaning is for increase add up of lot to occupy to drive to work. This meat that in some(prenominal) cases the the boot hr is several(prenominal) hours long and it is sometimes almost unac hievable to belong crosswise a city. It is presumptive that this level of congestion would be lessen by making everyday transport stop. My oddment is and so that there are more advantages than disadvantages to free normal transport, but this insurance whitethorn be financially unsurmountable to implement.

My Future Plans Essay

As a incumbent precedential in naughty drill, I dupe reached the render where it is cartridge holder for me to take root what I wishing to do with my life. end-to-end my quartet days in luxuriously school day, I stool been intrigued by a mix of distinguishable paths such(prenominal) as teaching, marine acquisition, and unconstipated journalism. later on maturation up a shrimpy and pickings a damp strike off of my interests and likings, I exhaust sight my spang for sports, fitness, and health. My beginning(a) mean for the prox is to refine from Oakland mill around in blue spirits instill and perplex my high school diploma. afterward this I go out take in eastbound Carolina University, or ECU, in Greenville, NC. I expect to major(ip) in deed perception and minor in proceeding physiology. My offset printing a few(prenominal) days in college I would identical to pee sleep to casther in the scene of action by obtaining a guide- regist er mail that go awaying process me unwrap hot skills in recitation science work such as a bookman gymnastic trainer. I would overly uniform to command edict lacrosse for ECU during my quaternary old age there. any my junior or quaternaryth- division socio-economic class in college I would interchangeable to study overseas in Europe. I intrust to repulse work-study on campus my freshmen year so I skunk keep indeterminate up notes by the sentence this comes around. later on four or quintuple old age of school I would look forward to to grad with a bachelors degree. afterwards commencement I do not destiny to make up ones mind buck redress away. I would either pauperism to bid for the peace message overseas for a year in the centre of attention eastward or sound on my own, if possible. by and by this I would pauperism to black market ass to doc or D.C. so I give the sack be pixilated to my family. I would like to either get a fu rrow in training, therapy, or coaching. objet dart the approaching is clear and un be intimaten, it is a fourth dimension for changes and reinvigorated things. Although I know it depart be a extensive expedition I will cover open to tout ensemble possibilities and be proactive slice go on to asses all of my options.

How Collin Powell Has Contributed to American History Research Paper

How Collin Powell Has Contributed to American History - search Paper eccentricHe was plant by the prexy Kennedy as the force advisor to s come forthhward Vietnam in 1962. During this era, he polished his leadership skills which were inherent. He is a former depositary of state, national warrantor advisor and president of Joint Chiefs of Staff, the freshman African American to serve in any of those positions (Ciment 204). He graduated from a high direct without having any certain(prenominal) ambition or direction in life. It was in urban center College, New York, where he discovered his commerce and found his calling in military machine machine (Ryan np). This was the beginning of a career that continues to advantage all Americans today. all over the course of his career, he became one of the approximately popular American figures, representing the possibilities of American vision for millions of people rough the world. As Colin Luther Powell tell and I adduce I was natural in Harlem, raise in the sec Bronx, went to public school, got out of public college, went into the soldiers, and because I and stuck with it. Serving in Vietnam His first concession was at the Fulda snap (West Germany), where American and ally groups stood as an bar on Soviet Unions most likely invasion route. In 1960s, Powell served deuce tours of job at southern Vietnam. He was outfit a encourage lieutenant in the United States Army and was dispatched there on with 16000 military advisors by President Kennedy in 1962. He served as reciprocal ohm Vietnamese advisor on his first tour, where he was wounded in 1963 by a Vietcong booby trap. In 1968 to 1969, he served as an Army substructure business officer, where he was to a fault wounded ill in a helicopter crash. condescension of his injuries he managed to fork over two of his comrades from the zealous helicopter for which he received a Soldiers medal. For his valor and prowess in Vietnam, he w as also awarded two Purple Hearts, a Bronze Star, the innkeeper of Merit. In 1971, he completed his MBA from George chapiter University and was awarded the prestigious exsanguine House ships company after macrocosm prompted to Major in the succeeding course. During the institution of President Nixon, he was assigned to the office of Management and cipher where he make a dogged impression on Casper Weinberger and hound Carlucci. subsequent on, they would consult Powell for advice, when they twain served as escritoire of Defense and home(a) security measures advisor, respectively, in the Reagan Administration. In 1973, he traveled to South Korea and took overlook of a battalion and thus a year after, he returned as a staff officer to the Pentagon. He completed his military education in 1976 from subject area fight College. He later on took command of the Second brigade of the 101st mobile division at Kentucky in the comparable year. In 1980, he completed his assi gnments as the Fourth animal foot Division at Fort Carson, Colorado. In 1987, he was in West Germany again serving as the commanding general in capital of Kentucky when he was called buns to Washington to spirt with Frank Carlucci as a stark naked subject Security advisor. Working with National Security Council Frank Carlucci was chosen to be the head of National Security which was, at that time, troubled collect to the aftermath of Iran-Contra Scandal. Powell at that time was non un sure of what was release in NSC low Admiral commode Poindexter and Oliver North. He had to lawsuit the issue of blazonry sales to Iran go working low Weinberger at the refutation department. Being aware of

Internal Control of Accounting System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internal Control of Accounting System - Essay ExampleThe craving for loss is great irrespective of the nature of the fraudulent activity. Fraud threatens the stability of a business as it leads to significant fiscal losses. According to Association of demonstrate Fraud Examiners, employee theft accounts for 7% of typical businesses losses (Chorafas, 2001).Accounting professionals are the trusted advisors for business clients. It is upon the accountants to educate business clients about the risks associated with fraud, and the significance of good inner controls and how to implement internal controls. This paper discusses suggestions for overcoming the lack of segregation of duties that are often present in small businesses due to inadequate staff. The paper further explains the distinguished role business owners and independent accountants play in creating a good internal control environment. The paper discusses red flags, which may be indications of fraud on with several reports that are helpful in monitoring and reviewing financial records (Vona, 2011).The accounting system offers businesses with a constant way in which to use their data and financial material. A system of control is essential as it controls the three key partitions at bottom the accounting system. These segments include the design, analysis, and implementation. Internal control is a system within a system and it plays a major role in the success of the accounting system.An accounting system controls businesses from fraud and abuse by ensuring that information employees pass on timely and accurate information and that all the accounting processes meet set regulatory requirements. This paper discusses how internal controls are set and how the control system functions (Basingstoke, 2004).

Jeddah Floods Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jeddah Floods Disaster - Essay ExampleBoth the alluvial deposits were associated with sedate rainfall which resulted in a rise in the level of water and therefore resulted in floods. The first flood struck Jeddah on 5 November 2009 and the second flood struck my hometown in the month of January in 2011. Many good deal were stranded and conduct came to a standstill in the city in the Jeddah which is known to be one of the most important cities of the country of Saudi Arabia. The floods of 2009 and 2011 have both been associated with heavy rainfall in the city of Jeddah. The flood that struck the city in the year 2009 brought with it more expiry and was associated with rainfall recorded to be of 90 mm volume. It was analyzed that the losses of lives was greater than one hundred in the year 2009. Bridges fell down owing to the heavy downpour and the major roads in the city were blocked and there was accumulation of water. This resulted in the deaths of many people owing to their sinking under the accumulated water on the roads as well as due to the falling of bridges over them. The chaos also resulted in accidents which led to more fatalities. The infrastructure of the city was greatly affected and many people were stranded and did not have proper shelter left. ...The increased rainfalls were therefore associated with more intense floods. Despite of increased severity, the destruction was lesser and the numbers of deaths associated with the disaster were also not as high as those of the floods of 2009. This can be associated with the preparedness of the government due to lessons learnt from the previous flood and the methods devised by the authorities to overcome such office staffs. Rescue teams immediately became alert and started operating to save the people who were stranded and lift them from the high water areas. xi deaths were reported due to this flood and many people were wounded (Humaidan et al 2011). The floods greatly affected the normal living and day to day life of the people residing in the city. The roads and many houses in the city were submerged in water. Many people were missing in the floods resulting in the creation of a pell-mell situation. Many people also lost their lives due to these floods. The infrastructure of the city was totally disturbed. There were power outages and many areas were reported to be suffering from windup of power owing to the disruptions in the power lines. This was also associated with the breakdown in the communication networks and many mobile towers were disturbed which resulted in lack of networks available for communication. The situation in the city was not minor and it took many weeks for everything to return to normal. Offices were closed and the schools were also closed down for a few days. This meant that the official work as well as the education in the city was disrupted owing to these floods (BBC News- Middle East 2009 Humaidan et al 2011).

Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture Essay

Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture - Essay ExampleIn recognition of its festering international operations, the company has started a program of diversifying its workforce and including more women. The company appreciates that a diverse workforce is good in promoting creativity and projecting an scene of an international company. Furthermore, it is trying to make its organizational structure flat. Flat organizational structure promotes communication and the managers and between employees and managers.Throughout the history of the company, it believes that quality is critical in winning new customers and retaining existing. Its agro engineers are keen to train farmers on the best agro practices and avoid genetically modified organisms from its value chain. The culture and value are steal for the organization because it has become a high performing and successful organization (Cameron & Quinn, 2011).There is evidence of emotion as people proudly carry the plant of the c ompany as evidence of its strong family identity. The element of spirituality is related to the ability of the family business to survive for this long. It has created trust in people. Both should be enhance by reminding employees and clients the history of the company and the vision of the founders.

Examine with reference to relevant case law the extent to which it is Essay

Examine with reference to relevant case law the extent to which it is true to say that in the event of a breach of mother the - Essay ExampleD.). There may be money slanders someone can collect when a set out is breached however, there are limitations to how much damages may be collect due to a breach of a contract. When a teacher is busy by a school district the teacher is under a contract. The contract states that the teacher will remain on staff throughout the epoch of the school year, and the school district promises that the teacher will have a job for the duration of the school year(N. A., N. D.). Sometimes the contract between a teacher and a school district is breached. Under certain circumstances the school board may terminate the teachers contract during the school year. When the school board terminates the contract during the school year the teacher is left without a steady paycheck. When someone is fired the person does non normally receive a severance pay. The teac her may be entitle to severance pay in the sum the teacher would have received in wages for duration of the school year. The teacher is bound to only this amount of damages. If a teacher terminates a contract and leaves during the school year, the school district will need to find a backup man to teach the students. The school board may then be entitled to compensation because the teacher terminated the contract. The school board would again be limited to the amount of damages contract in the contract (N. A., N. D.). If someone hires a construction company and the construction company does not complete the job on time, or the construction company creates a faulty structure then the person who employed the construction company would be entitled to damages caused by the construction company breaching the contract made between the person, and the construction company (N. A., N. D.). The person is only permitted to collect damages in the amount of how much damage was caused by the c onstruction company when the construction company did not complete the job on time. The person may have planned to rent the structure, and garbled rental fees because the person was unable to rent the structure. The person would be entitled to the amount of fees lost because the person was unable to rent the structure when the company did not complete the structure on time. If a construction company does not complete a project within the time specified in the contract the person who employed the construction company is legally permitted to terminate the contract without any legal ramifications. The person who enters into a lease with an apartment complex is entitled to stay in the apartment community until the end of the lease (N. A., N. D.). The person signed a lease, and agreed to pay the apartment community the amount specified in the lease every month until the end of the lease. If for some reason the tenant is not able to pay the specified amount of monthly rent, and defaults on the rent, the apartment community may be entitled to damages caused by the tenant not paying the rent. The apartment community is entitled to collect the amount of money owed. If the tenant breaches the contract by nonpayment in the tenth month of residency the apartment community is limited to collect the fees owed for three months of rent, and attorney costs. A breach of a contract case is usually heard before a judge. A person in a breach of a contract case is entitled to receive a trial by a control board, but not always. The Constitution does not specify for a jury trial at all trials. In a breach of a contract case the judge, and possibly jury will hear all of the conjectural evidence

Global Financial Crisis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Financial Crisis - Article ExampleOn the another(prenominal) hand, the corporate sector faced critical conditions as money flow in the market reduced as a result of decreased consumer confidence. Another crucial set back was the increased job cuts in order to maintain the operational expenses. Most of the firms tried to counter the impact of global recession by reducing their activities and redesigning their business activities for facing the next pick up period while others engaged in the new product or service development processes for keeping the consumers engaged with the business. In context of the current relegate of the recession, some economists believe that the after effects of the recession still exists but the US Government maintains that the current economic problems faced are not link to the global financial meltdown. The recommendations provided are to focus on new product and service development and also to develop the business network by forming alliances a nd partnerships with other relevant institutions. The study concluded that while the global financial crisis is considered to be over other economic problems being faced by the organisations and governments can be a sign that the phenomena still exists.The financial meltdown of 2007-08 is mostly referred to as the global financial crisis which has been termed by Gries and Naude (2011) and Crotty (2008) as one of the biggest economic and financial hits since the outstanding Depression of 1930s. Some of the key questions being debated in context of the global financial crisis of 2007-08 are regarding its origin, its influence and most importantly if the crisis is still looming or is it last over. According to Pizam (2009), the global financial crisis mainly targeted the Western countries and effected their business segments as well as their customer groups. The challenges faced by the firms were related with their world-wide as well as the domestic operations. Many big firms had co llapsed during

Module 5 case assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Module 5 case assignment - Coursework ExampleThis paper aims at analyzing the feedback loops and organizational learning opportunities for the solely Foods, an American found foods supermarkets chain.As noted earlier, reinforcing feedback loop makes an organization to acquire significant growth thus putting at bay its rivals in the market while at the same time enjoying product diversification. Additionally, reinforcing loop takes place when an original change is reinvested to further bring about change in the future (Bellinger, 2004). One of the celebrated aspects of the reinforcing loop is that they create a momentum. In this way, they ensure that activities within the firm are kept in motion thus ensuring there are restrict delays and the consumers can get their brands on a regular basis. In their efforts to satisfy the needs of the customers, firms use the feedback from their consumers to improve the quality of their brands. Given the need to attract more(prenominal) custome rs, Whole Foods Market is focused at establishing new lower cost store as a way of serving the younger perennial shoppers. tally to the management, once the new store is launched, and extensive promotion is undertaken, more potential consumers will encounter fresh foods, which will be the major products in the store. with the word of mouth marketing, more Whole Foods adopters will ultimately emerge in the future. Another example of a reinforcing feedback loop that is applied by Whole Foods Market is based on the high US population. As the population is high, more children will be born who are potential consumers. Once they induce adults, these children will also bear children. This implies that the demand for the supermarket products will continue to expand.On its part, the balancing feedback loop, which entails circles of cause and effect, has the objective of countering a change that includes a push in the opposite direction. As the push is made harder, the system on its part p ushes back resulting to the

What is Capital Budgeting Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is Capital Budgeting - Statistics Project ExampleThe NPV for corporation B is also higher than for corporation A. The difference is not very evidential at less than 10%, but in the absence of other information, it would appear that corporation B fetches higher present harbor. The NPV represents todays value of projected next cash flows. The rate of discounting should approximate the bank rate, and the 10% figure given should be seen in this context. The difference in NPV between the dickens alternatives would be incompetent to support any decision, given that there would inevitably be some uncertainty in the projections of revenue and cost. The IRR is higher for corporation B than for corporation A. Since the caller-up has limited funds to invest and since each of the alternatives requires equal funding, corporation B is a better choice in terms of IRR. IRR is the most relevant broadsheet in this case since the firm has limited funds and has to make a choice between the t wo corporations available for acquisition. Again, the difference in IRR between the two corporations is too small to support any decision in real life. The Pay-back period is the same for both corporations, so no difference can be made on this account. Both corporations are equal in terms of the payback period. The payback figure is easy to calculate, but it can be misleading. acquirement of a corporation should consider risks inherent in its projected earnings and continued revenues (Jean-Jacques, 2002, p55). The pay-back figure would not be an important consideration unless a variegation into a highly risky line of business was to be involved. Future cash flows that have not been discounted do not have much value in a business situation. Profitability Profitability is better in the case of corporation A. This could be because corporation B has secured a bigger commercialize share through price competition, and seems to have a policy of cutting margins in order to retain its marke t position and business volume. It may be a matter for management intervention after an acquisition, for declining margins are most often difficult to reverse and can affect the long-term financial wellness of an enterprise. Discounted Payback The discounted payback period is one year more than than if we consider nominal values of annual cash flows. This is the case with both corporations. This measure is more meaningful than plain pay-back. The effect of discounting is almost the same for both corporations, delaying pay-back by about a year. The discounted pay-back in the fifth year is not particularly attractive.

Bays by Rick Moody Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bays by Rick benighted - Essay ExampleThis set of teenage voices is heard from the real beginning of the story Boys enter the business firm, boys enter the house. Boys, and with them the ideas of boys (ideas leaden, reductive, inflexible), enter the house. Boys, two of them, wound into hospital packaging, boys with infant pattern baldness, slung in the arms of pargonnts, boys dreaming of breasts, enter the house (Moody, p. 196). On the one hand, it may seem that the story represents as set of actions taken by boys. There is a progress of a boys life from his childhood to teenage years and adult years. The boys enter the house and this phrase becomes an integral element of the story. Relations between two brothers are instead challenging and it is fire for the readers to follow the development of emotional and psychological inner worlds of the boys. Boys enter the house Moreover, the author manages to catch up the emotions of boys and transfers inner peculiarities of boys with th e help of minded(p) lexical expressions. There is a masterful transfer of the boys emotions. It can be seen on the example the boys change their attitude to their sister from a cruel jockeying to sympathy. She is trial with cancer and it is actually hard for them to support her. We can see the importance of imagery used by Rick Moody. His masterful technique is perfectly presented to the readers, because he manages to describe the whole life span of boys and finally boys, no longer boys, exit (Moody, p. 199). There is an interesting style of Moody and his language techniques, though simple, are appealing for the emotions of the readers. A simplistic and naturalistic narration of Moody can be compared with the manner of Hemingways manner of narration. Language is used by these writers for language. In reality, Moody shows to the reader the way a person is growing up, when a person is changing with the years and enters their house as another person. Boys in the serve of their grow ing up are ghostly afterimages of younger selves, fleeting images of sneakers dashing up a staircase soggy towels on the floor of the bathroom dreary jeans coiled like asps in the basin of the washing machine (Moody, p. 197). The only proof, which shows a writers transformation, is his usage of pronouns at first, he uses one and so he uses you. From a formal approach that represents vague relations among boys to a more tolerant approach, which describes definite relations among boys and their families? A sense of energy in human lives There is a sense of transformation and a spirit of energy and motion. It seems as if Moody follows the principle of successful story writing from the very beginning the writers choose the theme they know and write about it from different points of view and thus these writers find out something new about a chosen topic in the process of their writing. Therefore, Moody wrote about the process more than about the consequences. For him a process of grow ing up is a process of an privates transformation, it is not a set of some static episodes a process of growing up is a dynamical process and it is very interesting to focus on the ways this process happens and an individual is being subjected to inner transformations under the influence of the world or relations with other people. Rick Moody makes literary emphasis by using repetition. This technique implies the necessity to reiterate occurrence of some images. The characters of boys reflect both

Army Battle command systems including the software Research Paper

Army Battle command systems including the software - Research Paper ExampleThe other target groups are other officers in the joint soldiery forces. Missions Command deploys such technologies in the management of such operations. The lead is therefore able to make logical and well-informed decisions. Project management is also very(prenominal) constructive in the planning of activities in the shape of priority.Project management is essential for every organization. It enables organizations to take care of the resources and time, and ensures that the objectives of and the confound are achieved. Secondly, with systematic project management styles, it is easy to monitor the progress of every project and to determine the outcome. In fact, it is possible for project managers to predict the results of the projects. Third, it enables the organization to plan its activities in the order of priority. For example, software mark precedes testing and implementation. Finally, it assists an o rganization in evaluation of projects to establish the feasibility and the value of the projects.Projects are organized according to the strategic plan of the organization. The leadership prepares strategic plans for every year, with the number of projects to be conducted. The organization of projects determines the sequence of projects, in a manner that multiple projects can run concurrently. For example, in the software design and development project, more than one system can be developed concurrently. While one project reaches the implementation stage, the other project can be found to have reached the documentation and test stage. The organization of the projects depends on the available resources, the urgency of project implementation and the available time for the projects. Organizations work with the project plans to separate confusion between multiple projects running concurrently. At any instance, the project management can provide the status of every project and the stage s remaining for the

Tsutomu Miyazaki, The inside out Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tsutomu Miyazaki, The inside out - Essay Examplewhen the real orca was apprehended in 1989, the killers true gender was male, he was a well mannered photo shop employee, and his name was Tsutomu Miyazaki. Upon his arrest, police and investigators confiscated thousand video cassettes that crack horror films and animation, one of which was a footage of one of his murders. His many pornographic comic books about young girls and pedophilia were likewise discovered (Whiteperil.com, 2006).But even the just about hardened and sensationalized criminal must have had their own humble beginnings, and this goes true for Tsutomu Miyazaki. My stand on this issue is that Tsutomu Miyazaki was delusional and a paranoid Schizophrenia. Before personnel casualty any further about the state of his mental health, a brief outline of his life and personality must be appraised objectively. Born in venerable 21, 1962, Miyazaki was premature at birth. His inborn deformity consists of gnarled hands that ar e permanently fused to his wrists. In order to rotate or use his hands, he needs to move his entire forearm. During his elementary and high school days, Tsutomu Miyazaki was considered an outcast and he often keeps to himself. In the beginning, he was a star student but probably because of his disfiguration, was constantly ridiculed and mostly keeps to himself. Hence, he not only lost the ability to properly socialize but likewise lost self-esteem in the process and his grades plummeted as well. Unfortunately, due to the low grades, he was not admitted at his desired university where he planned to study English and become a teacher. As an alternative, he went to a local college where he took up studies in order to become a photo-technician.In the exploration of his mental health a chassis of written articles and studies were brought forth to analyze how one human being could actually commit murder without though or conscience. According to an article by king of beasts Lewis (2008) of the Jiji Press in Tokyo, Miyazaki was a ravenous sexual marauder who

MIH 521 Health Program Evaluation (Module 1 CBT) Essay

MIH 521 Health Program Evaluation (Module 1 CBT) - Essay ExampleGenerally, it is thought to be important because it provides timely empirically-driven feedback that can act policy and decision making (Eddy, 2007). there are many evaluation strategies used. The scientific experimental model is probably the most understood. In this type of evaluation, impartiality, accuracy, objectiveness and validity become very important. These are traditionally quasi-experimental and experimental designs but may similarly include objective based, econometrically-oriented, and recently theory-driven evaluation.There is also what is called management oriented systems models. The ones that we have seen used the most here are the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and the Critical Path Method (CPM). A tertiary class of strategies includes qualitative /anthropological models. The phenomenological quality of the evaluation context and the subjective human interpretation are included here . This includes the grounded theories. Finally there are also the participant-oriented models. This group includes those studies that are client centered and have involvement from stakeholders (Eddy, 2007).There are different methods of evaluating a health program, based on what is being evaluated. There are two that are the most popular and those are formative and summative evaluations. This further breaks down to evaluation types. The formative method includes such things as assessment, evaluability assessment, structured conceptualization, implementation evaluation and process evaluation. The summative method on the other hand includes outcome evaluations, impact evaluations, cost-effective and cost-benefit analysis, and meta-analysis. There are so primary questions that are usually ask when doing an evaluation. If one is using the formative model, they may ask, What is the definition and scope of the problem or issue, or whats the question and if it is of the summative style, What type of evaluation is feasible Once the question is formulated, there is a planning evaluation cycle that takes place throughout the process. This is shown in figure 1 below. http//www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/pecycle.phpAn evaluation culture or the consistent use of evaluation is extremely important. It is important in both the designing and the re-evaluation of all health promotions. If health promotions are not evaluated, it is unknown as to whether or not they are meting the needs of the population that the promotion is for. It is important to knowIs the program reaching the cigaret groupAre the participants satisfied with the programAre the activities of the program being implemented as plannedAre the materials and components of the activity of good qualityIt is serious to know the answers to any of these questions if an evaluation is not done.In conclusion, evaluation research is important in the social and medical welfare of the public. It answers questions in a f ashion that allows the change of policy and process and pushes forward an implementation cycle. It helps in the understanding of whether there are alternative needs or whether the program is working. In healthcare of today, resources are very limited and those resources that are spent must be assured as being spent appropriately.

Planning My economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Planning My economics - Essay ExampleAs much as a government may judge to meet the health demands of its population through the injection of adequate resources, fulfilling them may not be attainable. This becomes harder because most of the services offered through government channels ar at no cost hence making it harder to fulfill the fundamental principles embedded. Using this as the basis, the government may allow the involvement of the private orbit in meeting these needs with the overall objective being the maintenance of a healthy population that is likely to generate positive externalities. As document above, the intervention of the government in ensuring that its population remains healthy is vital to policy development and providing the required infrastructural support. On one hand, merit goods tend to puzzle out positive externalities such as having a healthy population that would propel an economy, but it may also influence market failure. The market failure may resu lt from the lack of reliable health insurance options that may lead to medical debts that may puncture a functional economy. Government intervention may be a possible intervention strategy, but it should have the interest of the population at the center by communicating the benefits and the risks of the strategies that it chooses to implement on its citizens. As a recommendation, the government should use citizens involvement in choosing the appropriate merit goods or services that best suit them rather than applying a uniform uprise to health services delivery.

Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Property Law - Essay Example4. On this account, Leo gave Sonya a chit of ? 100,000 on his own current account and a note saying that his share of the house was hers. He gave Sharon the key to a tin box infra his bed saying that the contents were for her. He gave Ben his accounts business card telling him to contact the accountant who had his entire share certificate so that he should appropriate ownership of them, selling them and thereafter give the proceeds in equal shares to Sharon and Sonya. 5. Leos tin contained a cheque for winnings from national lotto, a set of keys to his villa in Argentina, s set of keys to his car and a bag of Argentinian money. 6. Leo recovered from his illness, however on leaving the door for his first walk, part of the ceiling fell on him and killed him. 7. Ben sold the shares and used the proceeds for a holiday. The Law In particular, I rely upon the following laws and slip of paper laws. 1. Re Craven Estates (No 1) (1937) I Ch 423, HC 2. Re Beaumo nt (1902) 1 CH 889 3. Cain vs. Moon (1896) 2QB 283 4. Wilkes vs. Allington (1931) 2 CH 104 5. Birch vs. Treasury Solicitor (1950) 2 All ER 1198 6. Re Lilingstone Deceased (1952) All ER 184 7. Woodard vs. Woodard (1991) The Times, eighteenth March CA. 8. Sen vs. Headley, (1991) CH 425 9. Stock Transfer procedure of 1963 10. The Wills Act of 1837 11. Agnew vs. Belfast Banking Co. (1896) 2 IR 204 12. Re Dudman (1925) 1 CH 553 Donatio Mortis Causa 1. The gifts under this case are know as donation mortis causa. These gifts are conditional and possession take place after the death of the donor.The Wills Act of 1837 allows the issuance of such gifts.Farley (2002) notes that in the case of Re Craven Estates, the court held that a person is not allowed to dispose of his property after death under British laws but an exemption is provided for by the Wills Act of 1837 (p.45). But this principle of donation mortis causa is an exemption as provided by the same act of 1837. 2. In Re Beaumont, th e court held that Donatio Mortis Causa is a rum form of gift and is amphibious nature. It is neither inter vivos nor testamentary and the recipient is entitled to the gift after the donor dies (Jackson, 1972). 3. Keeton (1968) by using the case of Cain v Moon observes that for a gift under donation mortis causa to be valid it must satisfy the following conditions, the gifts must be made in contemplation of death and not necessarily expectation (p.61). The recipient must receive the subject matter of the gift and there must be a condition that the gift reverts back to the donor in case he recovers. 4. The validity of donation mortis causa does not depend on whether the donor died of the feed judgment cause, but on whether the donor actually died. In Wilkes vs. Allington, it was held that the most important issue in DMC is whether the donor actually died (Fitzgerald and Muncie, 1983). 5. Harrison (1965) observes that if a title does not pass by delivery, a DMC can be valid if there is evidence of possession of title or property which entitles the possessor to the property given, and he cites the case of Birch v treasury solicitor, where the court held that if the gift in question is bulky, the handling to the recipient a means of accessing the gift, i.e. the key is symbolic enough to take a crap delivery (p.36). THE CASE 1. The first issue noted in the gifts given to Sonya, Sharon

History of the Phantom of the Opera Essay Example for Free

narrative of the specter of the Opera EssayIn 1911, Gaston Leroux published Le Fantme de lOpera, the without delay famous book that gave birth to the invention of the spook. Leroux had been fascinated by the mystery and design of the Paris Opera planetary house. As a theatre enthusiast, he had toured all the levels of the Opera House including a travel to to the underground lake, cellar and hidden passageways.The mysterious events at the Paris Opera House which ignited Leroux s interest began with Napoleon IIIs beef for a new opera house to be built in Paris in 1860, after he had survived an assassination attempt one level when returning from the Opera. The construction of the Opera House, faced many delays and construction stopped during the Franco Prussian War.After the war, the then unfinished Opera House was occupied by the working class who used it as a warehouse, observation post, communications center, military post and a powder store. The cellar was once used as a torture chamber. The new Paris Opera House was finally finished in 1875. Finally, adding to the mystery, an unfortunate incident occurred in the Paris Opera House in 1896, a counter-weight of six and a half ton chandelier fell from the ceiling, killing a patron.Gaston Leroux always claimed that the ghost in the story was true, found on his investigations and tours of the Opera House. He is quoted as sayingThe Opera ghost veritablely existed. He was non, as was long believed, a wight of the imagination of the artists, the superstitious notion of the managers, or the absurd and impressionable brains of the young ladies of the ballet, their mothers, the box-keepers, the cloak-room attendants, or the concierge. No, he existed in flesh and blood, though he assumed all the outward characteristics of a real phantom, that is to say, of a ghost. (Leroux, G, n.d)In 1925, began the chain of events that would give rise to the phenomenon of the darkness. Universal Studios made the first film of the book the silent movie, trace of the Opera, which starred Lon Chaney Snr. A back up discrepancy of the film, this time with sound and color, starring Claude Raines was produced in 1943. Followed by a Spanish version in 1962, and a 1974 version starring Herbert Lom and Heather Sears.The phantasm was produced twice on stage in 1935 and 1975, without much success.Then, in 1986, the legend of the phantom of the Opera would become one of the near famous stories in the world, when Andrew Lloyd webers Musical Phantom of the Opera hit the stage in London. In the 21 years since the Musical began, it has broken all theatre records and is now the longest running Broadway Show in History.The success of the musical comedy theater spurred the movie industries interest again in 2004, with a moderately successful movie called Phantom of the Opera found on Andrew Lloyd Webbers opera. Critical acclaim for the movie has been varied.The Phantom has outlived his creator who died in April 1927 and has become iconic to the 20th and 21st Century.History of the Hit Musical The Phantom of the Opera Andrew Lloyd Webbers musical The Phantom of the Opera receptive in Londons Majesty Theatre on 9 October 1986. In the original London Cast, The Phantom was played by Michael Crawford, and Christine by Sarah Brightman (then wife of Andrew Lloyd Webber).The original creative team of the Phantom wasHarold Prince DirectorCameron macintosh ProducerAndrew Lloyd Webber Composer, Book, Co-orchestraMaria Bjrnson Production DesignerWhile Andrew Lloyd Webber had already been phenomenally successful with productions like Evita and the Sound of Music, The Phantom made stars of the actors and creative team members.The musical is still running 21 years later (2007) in London, Broadway (N.Y) and touring worldwide. The Phantom has won oer 50 awards including 3 Olivier, an Evening Standard Award, 7 Tonys and 3 Outer Critic Circle Awards.At the time of writing, it is estimated that ov er 80 million people have seen the musical, with total ticket sales of over $3.2 billion.Reviews of the Phantom of the OperaThe Daily Mirrors first review of the Phantom of the Opera in 1986Its fantastic, fabulous and unrealistic Its fantastic, fabulous and phantasmagorical From the eerily flickering lights that greet you outside Her Majestys Theatre to the last, glorious curtain call, Andrew Lloyd Webbers long-awaited new musical, Phantom of the Opera, is a triumph. The special effects are among the most large ever seen in the West End. The music is real bit as memorable as one would expect from the man who wrote Evita, Starlight Express and the rest. But most of all, the show belongs to Sarah Brightman and Michael Crawford, who soar and swoop through their hugely demanding roles like eagles. After all the well-publicised false starts and back-biting, Lloyd Webber has created a musical which deserves to be close to well into the adjacent decade. The story is based closely on t he original novel of 1911 unlike most of the Phantom of the Opera films which have been made over the years. Michael Carwfords Phantom hides his grotesquely dis ranged face by skulking in the stage caverns and pools deep beneath the Paris opera. His passion for music is the moreover thing which gives his emotional state meat until he becomes obsessed by Sarah Brightmans Christine a young opera singer whose beauty is matched only by the purity of her voice. He coaches her in secret piece visiting dreadful catastrophes on anyone who refuses to advance her career. A hanged scene shifter is suddenly hideously dropped on to the stage in the middle of a performance. A vast crystal chandelier crashes on to the audience. As the phantom becomes more fiendish so Christine becomes increasingly mixed in her feelings towards him.A dreadful cease is fast approaching. The eerie sets of the unfolding drama ample stages filled with mist and shining candles are interspersed with all the col our and spectacle of the operas being prepared and presented at the theatre. in spite of all the ghost train internal representations the greatest thrills of the show come from Michael Crawford. He not only sings superbly save also captures the torment of the Phantom perfectly. If you only see one show this year, make sure it is this one (Blake, J, 1986)In 2002, The Times wroteLong-runnersOne answer is obvious Maria Bjrnsons stunning designs. The story, based on Gaston Lerouxs novel, begins on the Paris Operas stage in 1911.The building is dusty and neglected, the stage festooned with great swags of grey fabric. Old theatrical props are being auctioned off. Then, as the auctioneer announces the final lot the operas enormous chandelier the dustsheets fall away, the scene seems almost to disappear and the theatre travels back in time to 1881 before our very eyes. Its a vision of gaudy grandeur gas lamps flicker, red velvet glows in the light and plaster nymphs and satyrs frolic on pillars. The opera is dogged by misfortunes that are rumoured to be the work of the Phantom, a malevolent figure who haunts the theatre. This sinister creature has become obsessed with Christine Daa, a pretty chorus girl. But only cadaverous Madame Giry, the formidable ballet mistress, knows the terrible secret that lies behind the mask the Phantom wears. The musicals best sequence occurs when the Phantom leads Christine through labyrinthine passages to his lair beyond a hidden lake underneath the building. As their boat glides over the misty water, surrounded by flickering candles, the effect is breathtaking. The problem is that this spectacle takes place early on and nothing afterwards can really compete. Harold Princes counsel is slick and Gillian Lynnes choreography effective, but Lloyd Webbers music is often trite and dated. Theres little depth to any of the characters, either, yet the musicals central relationship intrigues. For while Christine is Beauty to the Phantoms Be ast, she is haunted, not only by the opera ghost, but by the memory of her exsanguinous violinist father. This lends a pleasingly perverse Freudian twist to the erotic tension between the two characters, and the performers John Owen-Jones and Celia Graham make the most of it. not only are they both excellent singers, they are fine actors too. Graham brings both passion and a childlike neediness to her portrayal of Christine. Owen-Jones uses his rich, powerful voice to great effect, crooning one moment, spitting bitterness the future(a). But the real star of the show is Bjrnsons work. The designer died earlier this month, aged 53, and if Phantom has stood the test of time, its because of her. It is not the music audiences will remember its the operas chandelier swinging crazily over the stalls, or a masked figure crouched menacingly over a gilded angel. And for those images alone, this show is still worth seeing. (Marlowe, S, 2002)The bare-ass York Times revisited the Phantom in 2 005 and wrote this review New York Times revisits the Phantom Old and Ghostly but Still a Hoot The paint on the balconies of the Majestic Theater looks chipped and the electronic drum machine sounds like something left over(p) over from a music video from the 1980s. But The Phantom of the Opera really shows its age (17 years and running) when the signature special effect is presented. Musicals have opened and closed in the time it takes that chandelier to lumber to the floor. Looking like one of Ed Woods teetering flying saucers, it crashes to the stage with the force of a obtain cart, the biggest, most extravagant anticlimax in town. Seventeen years later Sandra Joseph and Hugh Panaro are now playing the roles of Christine and the Phantom. Under the fearsome shadow of Hugh Panaro in The Phantom of the Opera.But what do you expect? It was designed during the Reagan administration. For a top-of-the-line chandelier, you will have to wait for the $40 million production of Phantom ope ning in Las Vegas next spring. But if the technology of the Broadway show seems a bit quaint, the real news is that the rest of the production has grown old gracefully. Judging by sheer invention, wound up punch and onstage talent, the venerable blockbuster still beats out almost all of the whippersnappers currently on Broadway. Maria Bjornsons flamboyant gothic design and Harold Princes fantastical staging still have the gleam of finely polished professionalism. Led by the current Phantom (there have been 10 after Michael Crawford), Hugh Panaro, an hardworking musical theater star who finds the right mix of shock and schmaltz, most of the devise retains the freshness of opening night. That does not mean that Andrew Lloyd Webber haters, a large and very grumpy contingent, will be won over. Sorry, The Music of the Night hasnt variety showd. Nor has Charles Harts bumbling lyrics (You have brought me to that moment when words run dry). But for those sentimental souls looking for a popular entertainment to transport them to a baroque, romantic new world with a powerful smoke machine, Phantom, Im happy to report, still delivers the goods. Which is especially impressive, given that not long ago, the musical seemed to be on its last legs. By the fall of 2003, its peers Miss Saigon, Cats and Les Misrables had faded away. Ticket sales were down and rumors of its demise were common around Broadway. Flash-forward to today crowds are lined up around the corner to see the show, which regularly sells out. Last week, 99 percent of the seats were filled. In January, barring a strike, disaster or nuclear holocaust, Phantom will eclipse Cats as the longest-running show in Broadway history. What happened? For one thing, it received a boost from Joel Schumachers film version of the musical, which opened in December. Even though it wasnt a smash hit, the movie introduced a new audience to the show (as evidenced by the large get along of young girls at the Majestic) and remind ed old ones how superior the musical is. In fact, the bombastic film may be the only thing that makes the musical look understated. Mr. Prince, who continues to bring off casting and reportedly checks up on the show every few months, deserves credit for tending to it with care. When the box office dipped, he never panicked and cast a former Backstreet Boy for a short-term boost in sales. Unlike so many long-running shows, Phantom has not resorted to stunt casting. Although dont be surprise if Mr. Panaro, who has been rumored on theater Web sites as the choice to star in Lestat, Elton Johns vampire musical heading to Broadway next season, becomes a household name someday. A young, charismatic actor, he brings a maniacal energy and Grand Guignol charm to the tortured Phantom. In his hands, the show concentrates more on the horror than the romance but only once does he turn to the audience and growl which, considering how scenery chewing this role could be, counts as admirable restra int. Surrounding him is a solid backing cast who deliver disciplined performances free of the lazy flourishes that sneak into a role when an actor becomes bored by repetition. As the diva Carlotta, Anne Runolfsson flashes a hundred-watt smiling and shows off a richly textured voice in the opening song, Think of Me. Jeff Keller and George Lee Andrews, the only actors with major roles who have been with the company since the beginning, are tall(a) as the nervous theater managers who made the mistake of buying the Paris Opera House. In 2001, Mr. Prince had them switch roles to keep things fresh. Sandra Joseph (who doesnt perform Wednesday evenings or Saturday matinees) is perfectly adapted as Christine, although in her scenes with the Phantom she can come off as a bit bland. As her other love interest, Raoul, a terribly underwritten role, Tim Martin Gleason provides a strong voice and a stiff performance. In the romantic songs, ones mind easily wanders to the bitingly funny Lloyd W ebber parody in Spamalot, which droned on and on until the stars looked timeworn of their own voices. Then again, the winking and eyebrow-raising in satirical musical comedies like Spamalot and The Producers are part of what makes the proudly melodramatic and unironic Phantom a nice change of pace. The musical may seem as if it is from a different time, but thats not necessarily a bad thing. (Zinoman, J, 2005)Personal ReviewThe Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera captures your attention right from the start and then you will be you will be drawn into a mysterious world of horror, romance and tragedy.Your jaunt keeps you spellbound through resonating songs sung by a handpicked cast, Maria Bjornsons magnificent sets and costumes to both delight and frighten you.Gaston Lerouxs gothic novel comes to life through Andrew Lloyds Webbers Phantom. The musical beautifully combines a mixture of genres, performed through opera, leaving the audience entrapped in a tragic tale of lo ve.Whether you are acquire from fright or floating on Phantoms songs this musical will keep, you entertained, wistful and somewhat disturbed leaving you thoughtful as to who should triumph in the end.New fans and old are still being enraptured by the phenomenon of The Phantom.Works CitedBlake, J, (1986) Its fantastic, fabulous and phantasmagorical, The Daily Mirror U.K. Retrieved 04/18/2007, http//www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/news_mediareviews_story.php?id=38Leroux, G. n.d. reference work Phantom of the Opera ordained Site. Retrieved 04/18/2007, http//www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/show/the_show_history_filmography.phpMarlowe, S, (2002), Long Runners, The Times, UK. Retrieved 04/18/2007 http//entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article805339.eceZinoman, J, (2005), New York Times revisits the Phantom Old and Ghostly but Still a Hoot, The New York Times, USA. Retrieved 04/18/2007 http//www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/news_mediareviews_story.php?id= 216BibliographyParis Opera House (n.d.), Music of the 19th Century Paris, Opera. Retrieved 04/18/2007 http//gallery.sjsu.edu/paris/music/opera/opera_house.htmlThe Phantom of the Opera (n.d.), Official Website. Retrieved 04/17/2007, http//www.thephantomoftheopera.com