Expansion Of The New World - 940 Words

Initial expansion into the new world was done by the spainiards and porteguese. The spaniards in search of gold and other treausres expanded there presenece through explorations and often conquest against native inhabitants of the land. In the 1570’s the ordinances of discovery were passed by Spain which banned some of the more brutal conquests. Because of this the spanish expanded there presence in America through colonization (Brinkley p.15). Though an intial phase of exploration and conquest expanded the european presence in America in search of riches, Colonization brought settlers with hope of profitable agriculture oppurtunities. With these settlers came European culture and the Catholic Church. By the Early 17th century, Catholic missions were becoming a common form of settlement with the mission to convert natives. This missionary work became one of the most important factors for European immigration to America after the era of conquistidors (Brinkley p. 16). The ability to start anew also drew many settlers in an effort to avoid religious persectuion in their home countries. Another factor for the European expansion was the ability to establish a colony in the New world to supply the country with resources that were becoming scarce. This tactic allowed the countries to keep imports to a minimum and increase exports. This not only helped a countries economy but also strenghtened their standing ( Brinkley p. 25). The first place to be colonized in the New World wasShow MoreRelatedExpansion Of The New World1722 Words   |  7 PagesExpansion is something that our history has come to know for many years. Throughout all these years of expansion one question arises: is expansion always positive? When thinking about expansion, many people never consider the people affected by it. Expansion in the New World had a negative effect on the Native Americans in North America. The worst effect of expansion can be seen in the loss of native land. Expansion into native land was something that was very common throughout history. For exampleRead MoreExpansion to the â€Å"New World† Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesExpansion to the new world was both a blessing and a curse to both Europeans and the natives of the new land. The first motive for exploring the new world to find a easier and faster way to trade with the Asian countries, but soon after two new continents were discovered it sprouted different motives from everyone. Even though everyone had their own ideas and dreams about the new world they were all ended up with a common goal, to find silver and gold and become very wealthy. Every country heardRead MoreEuropean Expansion Into The New World1896 Words   |  8 Pagesmotivations for European expansion into the New World, which include economics, religion, and politics, would combine to shape the colonies and eventually the nations of North and South America. In 1381, King Henry VII England defeated the French at Agincourt, essentially signaling the end of the age of chivalry and the feudal organization of Western Europe. Over the next two centuries of nearly constant strife, Europe would consolidate the feudal powers into monarchies, creating new nation states. NationalRead MoreEssay about European Expansion Moves to the New World1653 Words   |  7 PagesThus in the beginning all the World was America. Interestingly, the development of Lockes ideas of property and money came at a time when Europeans expansion into the New World was just beginning to take hold (source). The very definition of economic imperialism is that countries expand their territories to collect resources in order to garner economic profit. The more robust economies tend to become the most powerful nations, and so the control of resources is sought out in order to monopolize bothRead MoreEssay about The Historical Impacts of the Protestant Reformation946 Words   |   4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation and European expansion have both left political, social and economic impacts throughout history. The Protestant Reformation which was started in the 1500’s, by a Catholic man named Martin Luther caused political instability and fragmented the Holy Roman Empire. It economically caused the church to go bankrupt and socially allowed for the rise of individualism among the people; Luther gave the people of Europe the long needed reason to break free of the church. The ProtestantRead MoreRole of the United States Government in the Global Expansion of Us Media Industries1478 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Expansion of US Media Industries 1 ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT IN THE GLOBAL EXPANSION OF US MEDIA INDUSTRIES by Lunlalit Niyomtas Student ID : 14060193 Global Media 2MED7H3 Professor Daya Thussu School of Media, Arts and Design University of Westminster Global Expansion of US Media Industries 2 Introduction In the recent past, we cannot deny that the media industry has experienced monumental growth both in terms of revenues and global expansion. Like other businessesRead MoreThe International Expansion Of Bmw And Ikea1378 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing numbers of organization invested their brand track to overseas markets. New markets have new consumers, chances, and profits and extend brands existence. The international expansion of BMW and IKEA has led them to achieve huge success. In this essay, will explore what lead each brand to move away from their traditional market and investigating how the two brands developed successful international expansion, and what has made them global household names. Firstly, BMW, which is establishedRead MoreThe European Expansion Of Europe1286 Words   |  6 PagesFor many generations, it was taught that the expansion of Europe to the Americas, (also known as the European expansion), had a huge impact on all societies of the old world. The importance of this was taught to societies all across the world, and was indeed a necessary occurrence. Up until recently, the idea was never given any real thought for the majority of people as to how, over many generations in the family and throughout the passage of time, how they precisely got where they are currentlyRead MoreThe Expansion of America and The Homestead Act of 18621180 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica was becoming a world power to be reckoned with. In order for the country to keep up with the increasing amount of people and become more powerful, the US expanded westward. After the War of 1812 a lot of Americas attention went into exploration and settlement of all of the territory to the West, which had been expanded by the Louisiana Purchase. Families of pioneers traveled westward and found new communities through what is now called the Midwest. Westward expansion occurred for multipleRead MoreExpansion of Western Europe1095 Words   |  5 PagesThe expansion of Western Europe started with the Iberian phase. Spain and Portugal, the two countries of the Iberian Peninsula, had a short-lived yet important role in European expansion. European expansion then turned to Western Europe. Western Europe consists of the Dutch, French, and British. While Western Europe was exploring new worlds overseas, the Russians were expanding westward across all of Eurasia. Religion played a major role in expansion for both the Portuguese and the Spanish due

Ebonics Essay example - 615 Words

Ebonics The other day I was talking on the subject of Ebonics. I feel Ebonics should be a language. I mean black adolescents that are seen as stupid and non-educated mostly use it. The talk compelled me to do some extensive studying on the subject. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ebonics is the new academicianamp;#8217;s jargon or buzzword for what we used to call amp;#8220;Black English.; Ebonics comes from the root word Ebony that means black or dark. So since Ebonics is considered Black English I am assuming that the word is the only possible reason for calling it that. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Oakland, CA, which is the city that is home to the first school board in the nation to proclaim, that Black English is formal†¦show more content†¦Instead the French speak amp;#8220;t;. Instead Africans speak amp;#8220;d;. Thus, amp;#8220;theatre; becomes amp;#8220;tayatra; and them becomes amp;#8220;dem;. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many native African words are included in Standard English vocabulary. For example amp;#8220;okra, uh-huh, and uh-uh; are all formal African words. But, as Black English is slandered as mere amp;#8220;slang;, African contributions are also ignored. In this racist America, everything amp;#8220;black; is bad. (Examples: Blackmail, Blacklist, Blackball) And, everything amp;#8220;African; is very black and very bad. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Black neocons and racist whites who slander and resent Ebonics are only behaving as always. They always reject all that is Black. These same persons revere amp;#8220;differences; in other languages. Shakespearean English is regarded as theatrical and scholarly. French, Spanish, and Japanese are viewed as profitable and chic. Clearly, Black English is not being rejected for itamp;#8217;s difference, but for itamp;#8217;s blackness. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some dare to claim that English and Black English are too similar to be separate. French is similar to Creole, and Spanish. But, no body is slandering any of these languages. Some dare to reject Black English because elite blacks do not speak it. Many elite Chinese Americans does not speak Chinese. But neoconsShow MoreRelatedEbonics979 Words   |  4 PagesEbonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to describe Black Dialect or Black English or many of the other names that it has been given for more that 350 years.. has been in the news recently but it is definitely not a new topic. brbrEbonics is a language that is a combination of proper English and a combination of African languages. Because of this combination a pattern was formed on how certain words are said such as this and that, would be pronounced disRead MoreThe African Vernacular English1850 Words   |  7 Pages Ya’ll be thinkin’ ebonics be messin’ wit Standard English, but it be enrichin’ it in a lotta ways. If you did not quite understand the first sentence, here is a â€Å"proper† translation; many people believe that African-American English negatively affects Standard English, but it actually enriches it in various ways. Black English, Ebonics, ghetto talk, slang, and Black Vernacular are all different words or phrases used to describe the African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) language. There are certainRead MoreAfrican American Vernacular English (Aave)1503 Words   |  7 PagesPsychologist Robert Williams coined the term Ebonics in 1973. He combined the words ebony and phonics to create Ebonics, black speech sounds. In Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks, he asserts Ebonics as the â€Å"linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States† (Williams 24). However, over time Ebonics gained a negative connotation. Ebonics is associated with slang, marginal and deficientRead MoreReflection Of Ebonics1741 Words   |  7 Pagesoutsiders. In my life, Ebonics had revealed an unique aspect of how my parents and distant relatives influenced my understanding of the Afrocentric dialect of the English language. In addition, it revealed how I communicate to my family and friends and the distinction of my reading between Ebonics and Old English during my high school years. Not to mention, for those who may not know what Ebonics is, Ebonics was the first dialect of the English language by African- Americans. Ebonics also known as AfricanRead More Ebonics Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesEbonics Ebonics, which stands for Ebony + Phonics is a new term that Linguistics use to describe Black Dialect or Black English or many of the other names that it has been given for more than 350 years. Ebonics is a language that is a combination of proper English and a combination of African languages. This combination pattern was formed on how certain words are pronounced such as, this and that, would be pronounced dis and dat in Ebonics. In most Ebonics words with the Th. soundRead MoreEssay about ebonics1044 Words   |  5 Pages Ebonics means black speech (a blend of the words ebony black and phonics sounds). The phrase was created in 1973 by a group of black scholars who disliked the negative connotations of terms like Nonstandard Negro English that had been coined in the 1960s when the first modern large-scale linguistic studies of African American speech communities began. However, the term Ebonics never caught on amongst linguists, much less among the general public. That all changed with the Ebonics controversyRead MoreWhat is Ebonics? Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pagesthe socially acceptable or proper form of language. Even though blacks willing learned English, the African-American community language has always been distinctive, and only for blacks to embrace and understand. The Black American English known as Ebonics became a topic of controversy in 1996, and is still debated as a critical language for African-Americans. Who says the only language in America should be English and why is it important for African-Americans to have their own language? National identityRead More Ebonics In Schools Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pages Ebonics in Schools Many black individuals have played their part in Americas history. Has the Oakland School gone too far by wanting to teach a black slang language in school. In this paper, you will see the peoples, teachers, and the students opinion as well as the Senate. A lot of people are speaking out on the subject, especially actors. Arsenio Hall replied to reporters â€Å"When I heard somebody from Oakland say the word genetic, on TV, I ran into the kitchen so I didnt have to be mad at anybodyRead MoreEssay about Ebonics3741 Words   |  15 PagesEbonics INTRODUCTION The main topic of this paper is the USA, and I have chosen to concentrate on a fairly new issue, the language know as Ebonics. There have always been changes in the English language. This is how the language came about and evolved from standard British English to American English. During the last few years, as the world has become more sensitive to the rights of minorities, women, animals, etc. a new form of changes has taken place. These changes have becomeRead More Is Ebonics a Language? Essay example918 Words   |  4 Pages Ebonics Is (or Is Not) a Language nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before getting into any great detail concerning the complexity of what language is and its relationship with the term Ebonics, Ebonics must first be defined. It is considered to be best described as â€Å"black speech† and therefore can be referred to as an â€Å"undefined language.† Many consider language to be a spoken tongue belonging to a nationality of people, so in general, and for the sake of clarity in this work, language is a general

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Paper Example For Students

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Paper A Streetcar Named Desire is a very socially challenging play in the way inwhich Tennessee Williams depicts how brutal and deceiving human nature can be. He takes the point of view that no matter how structured or civilized societyis all people will rely on their natural animal instincts, such as dominance anddeception, to get themselves out of trouble at some stage in life, even if theydont realize it. Williams has created three main characters of society, theyare, Blanche Dubiou, Stella and Stanley Kowalski. Each of these characters isequally as civilized as one another, yet their acts of savagery are all ondifferent levels. Throughout the play Williams symbolically relates these threecharacters to animals, savages, by the use of their attitudes, beliefs,appearances and desires. The most obvious example of a savage in the play isStanley Kowalski. He is a large well-toned, territorial male with simple beliefsand a short temper. He does not have many manners and does not care what peoplethink of him. He seems very simple but there I much more to him. He feelsthreatened by Blanche because she moves in on his territory and wants Stella toleave him. At first, Stanley acts physically dominant over both Blanche andStella; by rifling through Blanches possessions (act 1 scene 3 pg.124 ), quotingto Stella and Blanche that every man is a king (act scene 8 pg.197-198 ),throwing the radio out the window in a drunken frenzy and actually striking hispregnant wife (Stella) (act 1 scene 3 pg. 152-155). However, towards the end ofthe play, Stanley realizes his power over Blanche and he acts a lot wiser, butstill with the same intentions. He dresses smarter, talks to her nicely, butmockingly, and finally rapes her just to prove his status and to fulfill hisdesire (act 1, scene 10, pg.215). In the powerful scene where Stanleylooses total control of his actions and strikes the person who he has sworn toprotect, love and to hold. Williams shows Stanleys lack of control and hatredto a new threat in his life, Blanche. What makes this scene so important to thetopic is the way that the three characters react once the party has broken u p. Blanche is in her usual state of panic; Stella has retreated to up-stairs whileStanley stumbles around calling out Steeelllaaa in a drunken sweaty animallike manner. Surprisingly Stella answers to her mates calls and embraces him,they then exchange words of compassion and kiss, Stanley then picks her up andcarries her off to his den to make-love, which is Stanleys way of saying sorry. Stanley has to be the domineering figure in his relationships we see it not onlywith Stella and Blanche, but with his friends as well. He is a leader and doesnot like it when someone tries to complicate his role. Williams uses adifferent type of savagery in Blanches character. Blanche is more deceptive andexaggerated than Stanley is, he tries to hide her age, from others, by constantbathing and dim lighting, and from herself, by drinking and lying. Through outthe whole play she is trying to hide here real identity, the actual animalinstincts that are inside her. She hides these with perfume, wearing fancyclothes, even by putting a lampshade to hide the actual light. She also attemptsto steal Stella away from Stanley by relating him to an animal. This is bestrepresented when Blanche says; He acts like an animal, has animals habits!Eats like one, moves like one, talks like one! Theres even something sub-human something Not quite to the stage of humanity yet! Yes, something ape-like ab out him, like one of those pictures Ive seen in anthropologicalstudies! Thousands and thousands of years have passed him right by, and there heis Stanley Kowalski survivor of the Stone Age! Bearing the raw meat homefrom the kill in the jungle!studies! Thousands and thousands of years havepassed him right by, and there he is Stanley Kowalski survivor of the StoneAge! Bearing the raw meat home from the kill in the jungle! (act 1 scene 9pg. 119). Despite the fact that there is a lot of truth in Blanches words shedeceives herself by her drinking and her need to feel wanted by men. Sheblames society for these cravings and states that she only does it tosurvive. Blanche is not happy with her actual self, so she is always trying tohide it. Although she appears the opposite of Stanley they both share the samecharacteristics. They both are very lustful, they both drink a lot, and they areboth very competitive toward each other. They are both savages raised indifferent worlds. Williams cha racter Stella seems to set the standard for thecivilized person, but at a closer look Stella may be just as guilty of savageryas Stanley and Blanche. The humble Stella has desires just like Blanche andStanley; she needs Stanley for his security and companionship, she likes to feeloverpowered by a rugged man. Stellas weakness is present throughout the play,when she takes Stanleys word over Stellas, but more so when she goes back toStanley after being struck by him. Stella wakes up in the morning and everythingis back to normal after turning on the colored lights with Stanley. Once againwith Stella we see that she enjoys sex. At the end of the play she knows thather husband, Stanley, raped her sister but still decides to be with him. Shewants sex and she needs it. There are some things that happen between a manand a woman in the dark(Act 1, scene 8, pg 109) Stella is basically admittingthat her and Stanleys relationship is based around sex. Which is a veryanimal instinct. Stella, alth ough does not say it, enjoys being domineered. Sheneeds it. There is no doubt that Tennessee Williams believes we are all savagesat heart. He seems to indirectly-attack the way in which society makes peoplethink and act towards the more untamed desire, guilt, spiritual torment, andrepressed sexuality. In the play every one has certain basic animal instinctsand all of our characteristics can be drawn back to that. He seems to base mostrelationships on sex, which is the most natural, act that humans and all otheranimals can do. All three of these characters have the same personalities inmany ways. Blanche hides her real emotions and her savageness, WhileStanley does the opposite and does not hide it enough. He lets all of the cardsout on the table. And Stella I believe is the most intriguing character of themall. She grew up with Blanche and knows that life style but Stanley has shownher his world and she is mixed up in between the two. She is like a ping pongball. And ultimately Stan ley wins the game, by her love for lust. All of thesecharacters can be compared to their primate species, and Williams reveals it inthis play.

The Development Of Gender Identity Essay Example

The Development Of Gender Identity Paper The development of gender identity is a notion explored greatly through the social sciences, with emphasis being placed on anthropology, philosophy, psychology and sociology. This essay is going to discuss the development of gender identity through psychological works, with reference to the nature/nurture debate. In order to do this, the essay will be broken down into specific sections. Initially, the themes outlined in the title will be individually explored to offer their definitions. Secondly, the essay will move on to look at the varying schools of thought within psychology surrounding gender identity development, where the essay will cite some key thinkers and their theories. Thirdly, the essay will move on to combine the notion of gender identity development with the nature/nurture debate to discuss and express any correlations between them. The essay shall then be wrapped up by way of a summary of the undertaken works, as a way of creating a conclusion. The essay shall now explore the themes within the title, to offer definitions. Gender, in its common usage is the term used to denote the distinction males and females in accordance with anatomical sex. The term is often used interchangeably with the term sex when discussing anatomical differences, however, depending on the approach taking, the definition of gender changes. For example, sociologically, gender refers to the socialised attributes of being masculine, feminine or androgynous, which is in keeping with the notion of ones own gender identity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Development Of Gender Identity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Development Of Gender Identity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Development Of Gender Identity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gender identity, is considered to be subjectively experienced, rather than being physically acted out. The nature/nurture debate is the endeavour to discover the extent to which human behaviour is the result of hereditary or innate factors (nature) or are they determined by environmental and learning factors (nurture). Historically, each side of the debate has had its support, however, it is difficult to assess the contributions of each as both interact throughout human development. The essay shall now tackle the psychological theories surrounding gender identity development. Psychodynamic theory is a label given to all psychological systems, and theories, which place emphasis upon the processes of change and development. Stemming from the works of Sigmund Freud, psychodynamic theory takes in to account both nature and nurture in the development gender identities. The nature side of the debate is represented through the innate sexual drives possessed by all human beings that motivate much of human behaviour. However, these sexual drives do not outwardly influence gender identity development. Instead the nurturing element arises through the phallic stage of Freudian psychosexual development. In this stage the Childs resolution of the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls identifies the beginning of appropriate gendered behaviours. The Oedipus complex is a label that describes the attraction between a male child and his mother. The Electra complex labeled the attraction between a female child and her father. The essence of these discoveries was the sexual attraction to the opposite sex and the hostility toward the same sex. The premise is that the child will take on board the patterns of behaviour, appropriate to and reinforce masculine and feminine behaviours to the child. Social learning theory is a psychological approach to the study of social behaviours. The premise of this theory is that of role observation, and the mimicking of behaviours, known as operant conditioning and vicarious learning, respectively. Applied to gender development by Bandura and Mischel; Social learning theory stresses many important factors in the development of gender identity; these include reinforcement, observational learning, modelling and imitation. Social learning theory incorporates both notions of primary and secondary socialisation, including parents, peers and the mass media as important for gender identity development. Cognitive development theories stem from the works of Jean Piaget. Piaget was one of the first psychologists to look at the way in which children think and reason. Despite moves in the 1960s and 70s to revaluate his theories, many of his basic principles and assumptions have been empirically supported to be correct. Piagets works identified that children look only at a superficial level, focusing on surface appearances rather than looking for more depth. Piagets works were greatly extended by Kohlberg to explain the development of gender concepts Kohlberg argued that an important factor in a childs development of gender concepts is the acceptance that it is fixed and unchanging regardless of surface appearances. Kohlberg advocates that a child must develop through three stages to understand gender initially children do not use gender in any way, to categorise themselves or others. The first stage (1) occurs at the age of two years, at this point a child can consistently an accurately label themselves and others as male or female, however, this categorisation is based on physical appearances and symbols such as clothing and facial hair. Stage 1 is regarded as gender identity. Stage 2 begins at the age of 3 4 years, a child now understands that that if someone is male or female then there were previously male or female and will continue to be male or female, therefore the child realises that gender is stable across time. Stage 2 is regarded as gender stability. Despite the childs appreciation of gender stability, they still place emphasis on symbols as masculine or feminine for example toys, if a boy is playing with a doll, a toy recognised as female then the child is unable to determine whether the child is male or female, the resolution of this comes into effect in stage 3. Occurring at the ages of around 5 years, the child realises that gender is constant and consistent across both time and situations, the child now realises that gender is an underlying and unchanging aspect of identity. Stage 3 is known gender constancy. As well as theories arising from Psychodynamic psychology, social learning theory and cognitive theories, there are also notions for the biological perspective and humanistic theory. The theoretical approaches above support differing approaches in relation to the nature/nurture debate. The essay will now explore these to express their standpoints and cite any correlation. In brief, these theories assume different positions within the nature/nurture debate as follows. Psychodynamic theory stands very much in the middle, accepting the importance of both innate and environmental factors in the development of gender identities, Freud famously quoted anatomy is destiny, yet speaks extensively of the importance of relationships with the same-sex parent. Social Learning Theory is in keeping with the nurture side of the debate, promoting the importance of all environmental factors, through reinforcement and modelling of acceptable gender appropriate behaviours. Outlining the importance of socialisation in the home (primary) and secondary through peers and the mass media. Cognitive Development Theories are in keeping with the nature side of the debate, where, in Kohlbergs view, gender development occurs through the resolution of three stages where at the end of stage three the child is able to determine that gender is an underlying and unchanging aspect of identity. In conclusion, this essay has discussed the development of gender identities. To summarise the works undertaken, initially definitions were offered of the themes in the essay title, which then moved on to discuss the psychological works of Psychodynamics, Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Development Theories, writing in relation to the nature/nurture debate. Despite there being many more theories of gender identity development, certain aspects were omitted in order to reflect on different positions in the nature/nurture debate. As well as issues such as sexual orientation and androgyny were also over looked. Despite strong arguments arising from each theory, it is difficult to accurately and empirically deduce the exact role of nature or nurture in the development of gender identities as both are constantly interacting throughout ones own life, and at a time of radical social changes (from the writing of these theories), with immense family diversity including single parent and same sex families.

How to Become a Creative Genius in 5 days [Infographic]

How to Become a Creative Genius in 5 days [Infographic] If you feel like you’re lacking creativity or your creative juices are running low, you’re not alone! Despite popular belief, creativity doesn’t have to be something you’re born. It can be a trait that you develop over time. Source:[Zippi]

Pedagogy Tips for the New Band Director essays

Pedagogy Tips for the New Band Director essays As new band directors leave the comforts of college life, being the studio pupil, and transition into the unknown realms of the career field, many things stressed in the classroom over the past several years take a gentle second to the fear of becoming a teacher. Many elements of the career are stated and stressed throughout the college years, and the question among most college educators is whether or not the student will really take these lessons to heart and use them, or if they will have to re-learn the lessons through simple trial and error. The answer to the question is usually the determining factor in the success of the pedagogue. Each element of the programs these new directors come to form especially impacts their success or failure with respect to individual pedagogy by section, thus impacting their overall success or failure. Firstly, every aspect of directing a music program must be created with an awareness for the individual instrumentalist and each students learning. For the purposes of this paper, High Brass Pedagogy will be secluded, but the general ideas within these words can (and should) be replaced with any and all sections of pedagogy. The first section of the paper will cover a generalized philosophy of the overall program, and then relate it to High Brass Pedagogy in the second section. Often, the new director finds it difficult to balance the administration of their complete program with the importance of instruction. There are so many components of directing a band program that instruction regularly gets overrun by politics and bureaucracy. Directing is a customer service relationship between teacher on one side and parents, administrators, and community on the other. Parents have the need to feel that their student in being educated to the point of improvement rather than stagnation. Administrators want satisfaction with parents and compliance with legal regulations. Ideally, a surpa...

PAPER ON WORLD WAR I Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PAPER ON WORLD WAR I - Assignment Example The second one is The Treaty of Versailles and the third one is The Balfour Declaration 1917. There is no other war that has brought about changes in the map of Europe in such a dramatic way like the First World War. The war caused the disappearance of four powerful empires. One is the German empire. The second is the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The third is the Ottoman Empire and fourthly, many nations did gain their independence from Russia. Four dynasties as well as their ancillary aristocracies all fell after the war. Serbia and Belgium were damaged and France was not left out either. The war continued for some seven more months until treaties were signed to end the war formally. Germany had agreed to sign the treaty of Versailles on June 28 1919 (Grayzel, 2013, p. 137). The United States failed to formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox-porter resolution that was signed in July 1921. The resolution was signed by President Warren G Harding representing the British Empire thus ceasing the state of war. After the treaty of Versailles, the treaties with Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire were signed. However, there was much strife following the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire. The strife entailed the Turkish War of independence. The final peace treaty was between the allied powers and the republic of turkey. After the war, a series of treaties were imposed by the Paris Peace Conference on the central powers to end the war officially. The treaties brought the League of Nations to life in 1919. The treaty state d that the central powers were responsible for the loss and damage brought about to the allied forces. Austria Hungary was partitioned in to several states. The states included Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The Russian Empire had already withdrawn from the war in 1917 lost part of its western frontier since nations such as

Equity and trusts Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and trusts Degree - Case Study Example This is so because, even though equity looks at intent and not form, equity is also bound to take cognizance of the express will of the Parliament. We shall now turn our attention to the provisions of the will made by James: a. 100 000 to my beloved sister - Emily, in absolute confidence that she will use a decent amount to look after my step daughter, Mary: James is entitled to leave as much money as he wills to his sister or on trust for his step daughter. The problem we have in the scenario at hand is that of the three certainties i.e. whether what James stated amounts to a declaration of trust over the 100,000 The second is whether the amount left for Mary is identifiable The issue of objects does not seem problematic as Mary is clearly the intended beneficiary. The last problem that we will deal with is what would happen to the 100,000 if no trust is to be found. To consider whether James has created a valid trust or gave a power of appointment. In Re Weekes' Settlement (1897) a testatrix left property to her husband with a 'power to dispose of all such property by will amongst our children in accordance with the power granted to him as regards the other property which I have under my marriage settlements.' The court decided that the document did not create a trust for the children of the testatrix but a mere power of appointment for the husband to distribute the money if he willed. In the will left by James, an analogy could easily be drawn with the facts in Re Weekes' Settlement (1897). He has left the 100,000 to his sister with a power of appointment that she could use a decent amount of the money for the care of James's step daughter. There are also cases where a relatively clearer intention was found like in Mussorie Bank Ltd v Reynor (1882), here also the question was whether the testator actually wanted to create a trust. However, in light of cases like Lambe v Eames (1871) where the Court of Appeal refused to hold a valid trust because the testator left a estate to his widow stating 'to be at her disposal in any way she may think best, for the benefit of herself and her family' seems to be closest to facts at hand. The only problem in concluding that the money was an absolute gift to Emily is the case of Comiskey v Bowring-Hanbury (1905), where a trust was held on the words 'in full confidence that', in our case, similar words are used. In Comiskey however, the testator's words were construed in such a way also because they were followed by an instruction that if the wife died without devising the property to her nieces then the property will be divided equally amongst them. James uses similar words, 'in absolute confidence' but one may be bound to incline towards earlier authorities as there are no further instructions. This indicates two things, first, that

Christopher McCandless Essay Example for Free

Christopher McCandless Essay Christopher Johnson McCandless (February 12, 1968 – August 1992) was an American hiker who adopted the alias Alexander Supertramp and ventured into the Alaskan wilderness in April 1992 with little food and equipment, hoping to live simply for a time in solitude. Almost four months later, McCandlesss remains were found, weighing only 67 pounds (30 kg). It has recently been speculated that Chris had developed lathyrism, caused by his consumption of seeds from a flowering plant in the legume family which contain the neurotoxin ODAP. McCandlesss resulting paralysis would have caused a gradual inability to move, hunt or forage and this could have led to his death from starvation. [1] His death occurred in a converted bus used as a backcountry shelter, near Lake Wentitika in Denali National Park and Preserve. In January 1993, Jon Krakauer published McCandless story in that months issue of Outside magazine. Inspired by the details of McCandlesss story, Krakauer wrote and published Into the Wild in 1996 about McCandless travels. The book was adapted into a film by Sean Penn in 2007 with Emile Hirsch portraying McCandless. That same year, McCandlesss story also became the subject of Ron Lamothes documentary The Call of the Wild. A full-length article on McCandless also appeared in the February 8, 1993 issue of the The New Yorker magazine.[2] Earlier years[edit] Christopher McCandless was born in El Segundo, California, the first of two children to Walter Walt McCandless and Wilhelmina Billie Johnson. Chris had one younger sister, Carine. In 1976, the family settled in Annandale, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C., after his father was employed as an antenna specialist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). His mother worked as a secretary at Hughes Aircraft and later assisted her husband with his successful home-based consulting company in Annandale. Walt and Billie often fought and sometimes contemplated divorce.[citation needed] Chris and Carine had six half-siblings living in California from Walts first marriage. Walt was not yet divorced from his first wife when Chris and Carine were born; however, Chris did not discover his fathers affair until a summer trip to Southern California[3] in 1986. This discovery caused him to hold a lot of bitterness towards his father, and could have been a factor in his views ab out society. At school, teachers noticed McCandless was unusually strong-willed.[citation needed][who?] In  adolescence he coupled this with intense idealism and physical endurance. In high school, he served as captain of the cross-country team, urging teammates to treat running as a spiritual exercise in which they were running against the forces of darkness all the evil in the world, all the hatred.[4] On June 2, 1986, McCandless graduated from W.T. Woodson High School in Fairfax, Virginia. On June 10, McCandless embarked on one of his first major adventures in which he traveled throughout the country in his Datsun B-210, arriving at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, two days prior to the beginning of fall classes. His upper middle class background and academic success were drivers for his contempt of what he saw as the empty materialism of society. McCandless was strongly influenced by Jack London, Leo Tolstoy, W. H. Davies and Henry David Thoreau. In his junior year, he declined membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society, on the basis that honors and titles were irrelevant. McCandless graduated from Emory on May 12, 1990, with a Bachelors degree, double m ajoring in history and anthropology. He envisioned separating from organized society for a Thoreauvian period of solitary contemplation. Travels[edit] In May 1990, Christopher McCandless donated the remaining $24,000, given to him by a family friend for his law degree, to Oxfam International, a hunger prevention charity. Towards the end of June, he began traveling under the name Alexander McCandless until later adopting the last name of Supertramp (Krakauer notes the connection with Welsh author W. H. Davies and his 1908 autobiography The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp). Most people he encountered regarded him as intelligent and one who loved to read. By the end of the summer, McCandless made his way through Arizona, California and South Dakota, where he worked at a grain elevator in Carthage. He survived a flash flood, but allowed his car to wash out (although it suffered little permanent damage and was later reused by the local police force as an undercover vehicle) and disposed of his license plate.[citation needed] In 1991, McCandless paddled a canoe down remote stretches of the Colorado River to the Gulf of California. He cros sed the border to Mexico and, having gotten lost in many dead-end canals, was towed by duckhunters to the sea, where he stayed for some time. He took pride in surviving with a minimum of gear and funds, and generally made little preparation. Alaskan Odyssey[edit] For years, McCandless dreamed of an Alaskan Odyssey wherein he would live off the land of the Alaskan wilderness, far away from civilization, and find himself[citation needed]. He kept a journal describing his physical and spiritual progress as he faced the forces of nature. In April 1992, McCandless hitchhiked from Enderlin, North Dakota, to Fairbanks, Alaska. He was last seen alive on April 28, 1992, by Jim Gallien, a local, who gave him a ride from Fairbanks to the head of the Stampede Trail. Gallien was concerned about Alex, who had minimal supplies (not even a compass) and no experience surviving in the Alaskan bush. Gallien repeatedly tried to persuade Alex to defer his trip, and even offered to drive him to Anchorage to buy suitable equipment and supplies. However, McCandless ignored Galliens warnings, refusing all assistance except for a pair of Wellington rubber boots, two tuna melt sandwiches, and a bag of corn chips. Gallien allowed Chris to wander off with the belief that he would head back towards the highway within a few days as his eventual hunger set in. After hiking along the snow-covered Stampede Trail, McCandless found an abandoned bus (about 40 miles (64 km) west of Healy) used as a hunting shelter and parked on an overgrown section of the trail near Denali National Park, and began to live off the land. He had 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of rice, a Remington semi-automatic rifle with 400 rounds of .22LR hollowpoint ammunition, several books including one on local plant life, and some camping equipment. He assumed he could forage for plant food and hunt game. For the next thirty days or so, McCandless poached porcupines, squirrels, and birds, such as ptarmigans and Canada geese. On June 9, 1992, he managed to kill a moose; however, he failed to preserve the meat properly, and within days it spoiled and was covered with maggots. His journal contains entries covering a total of 112 days. These entries range from ecstatic to grim with McCandless changing fortunes. In July, after living in the bus for three months, he decided to leave, but found the trail back blocked by the Teklanika River, which was then considerably higher and swifter than when he crossed in April. Unknown to McCandless, there was a hand-operated tram that crossed the river only 1⠁„4 of a mile away from where he had previ ously crossed. In the 2007 documentary The Call of the Wild, evidence is presented that McCandless had a map at his disposal, which should have helped him find  another route to safety.[5] McCandless lived in the bus for a total of 113 days. At some point during that time, presumably very near the end, he posted an S.O.S. note calling on anyone passing by to help him because he was injured and too weak. The full note read: â€Å" Attention Possible Visitors. S.O.S. I need your help. I am injured, near death, and too weak to hike out. I am all alone, this is no joke. In the name of God, please remain to save me. I am out collecting berries close by and shall return this evening. Thank you, Chris McCandless. August?[6] † Death[edit] On August 12, 1992, McCandless wrote what are apparently his final words in his journal: Beautiful Blueberries. He tore the final page from Louis LAmours memoir, Education of a Wandering Man, which contains an excerpt from a Robinson Jeffers poem titled Wise Men in Their Bad Hours: Deaths a fierce meadowlark: but to die having madeSomething more equal to centuriesThan muscle and bone, is mostly to shed weakness.The mountains are dead stone, the peopleAdmire or hate their stature, their insolent quietness,The mountains are not softened or troubledAnd a few dead mens thoughts have the same temper. His body was found in his sleeping bag inside the bus by Butch Killian, a local hunter, on September 6, 1992.[7] McCandless had been dead for more than two weeks and weighed an estimated 30 kilograms (66 lb). His official, undisputed cause of death was starvation. Krakauer suggests two factors may have contributed to McCandlesss death. First, he was running the risk of a phenomenon known as r abbit starvation due to increased activity, compared with the leanness of the game he was hunting.[8] Krakauer also speculates that McCandless might have ingested toxic seeds (Hedysarum alpinum or Hedysarum mackenzii) or a mold that grows on them (Rhizoctonia leguminicola produces the toxic alkaloid swainsonine). However, an article in Mens Journal stated that extensive laboratory testing showed there was no toxin present in McCandlesss food supplies. Dr. Thomas Clausen, the chair of the chemistry and biochemistry department at UAF said I tore that plant apart. There were no toxins. No alkaloids. Id eat it myself.[9] Analysis of the wild sweet peas, given as the cause of Chriss death in Sean Penns film, turned up no toxic compounds and there is not a single account in modern medical literature of anyone being poisoned by this  species of plant.[5] As one journalist put it: He didnt find a way out of the bush, couldnt catch enough food to survive, and simply starved to death.[9] However, the possibility of death through the consumption of the mold, which grew on the seeds in the damp bags which McCandless stored them in, was considered a suitable explanation by Krakauer.[3] Subsequently the academic Ronald Hamilton made the link between the symptoms described by Chris and the poisoning of Je wish prisoners in the Nazi concentration camp in Vapniarca. He put forward the proposal that Chris McCandless died of lathyrism caused by ODAP poisoning from Hedysarum alpinum seeds which hadnt been picked up by the previous studies as they were searching for alkaloid instead of toxic protein. The protein would be relatively harmless to a well-fed person on a normal diet, but toxic to someone who was malnourished, physically stressed, and on an irregular and insufficient diet, as McCandless was. Subsequent tests revealed ODAP was indeed present in the seeds. [10][11] Criticism[edit] McCandless has been a polarizing figure ever since his story first broke following his death, along with Krakauers Outside article on him in January 1993. While Krakauer and many readers have a largely sympathetic view of McCandless,[12] others, particularly Alaskans, have expressed negative views about McCandless and those who romanticize his fate.[13] The most charitable view among McCandlesss detractors is that his behavior showed a profound lack of common sense. He chose not to bring a compass, something that most people in the same situation would have considered essential. McCandless was also completely unaware that a hand-operated tram crossed the otherwise impassable river 0.25 miles (0.40 km) from where he attempted to cross. Had McCandless known this, he could easily have saved his own life.[4] There has been some speculation (particularly in details given in the Lamothe documentary) that he vandalised survival cabins and supplies in the area. However, Ken Kehrer, chief ran ger for Denali National Park, denied that McCandless was considered a vandalism suspect by the National Park Service.[14] His venture into a wilderness area alone, without adequate planning, experience, preparation, or supplies, without notifying anyone and lacking emergency communication equipment, was contrary to every principle of outdoor survival and, in the eyes of many experienced outdoor  enthusiasts, nearly certain to end in misfortune. Alaskan Park Ranger Peter Christian wrote: When you consider McCandless from my perspective, you quickly see that what he did wasnt even particularly daring, just stupid, tragic, and inconsiderate. First off, he spent very little time learning how to actually live in the wild. He arrived at the Stampede Trail without even a map of the area. If he [had] had a good map he could have walked out of his predicament [ ] Essentially, Chris McCandless committed suicide.[13] Sherry Simpson, writing in the Anchorage Press, described her trip to the bus with a friend, and their reaction upon reading the comments that tourists had left lauding McCandless as an insightful, Thoreau-like figure: Among my friends and acquaintances, the story of Christopher McCandless makes great after-dinner conversation. Much of the time I agree with the he had a death wish camp because I dont know how else to reconcile what we know of his ordeal. Now and then I venture into the what a dumb territory, tempered by brief alliances with the he was just another romantic boy on an all-American quest partisans. Mostly Im puzzled by the way hes emerged as a hero.[15] Jon Krakauer defends McCandless, claiming that what critics point to as arrogance was merely McCandlesss desire for being the first to explore a blank spot on the map. Krakauer continues that In 1992, however, there were no more blank spots on the map—not in Alaska, not anywhere. But Chris, with his idiosyncratic logic, came up with an elegant solution to this dilemma: He simply got rid of the map. In his own mind, if nowhere else, the terra would thereby remain incognita.[16] Others have pointed out that a map of the area (although apparently not including the location of the hand-powered tram) was found among McCandlesss belongings, and refute the accusations that he intentionally discarded this map.[17]

Proof Is Simply Beyond The Capacity Essay -- essays research papers f

Certain individuals who commit crimes do so at their own free will, and many have no qualms as to the consequences of their actions. To some, it matters not the possibility that if they are caught, there is the chance they may be executed. Sometimes the crimes committed by certain persons are done so in a manner that would bewilder any other human being. My personal belief is that there is no need for capital punishment in our society. Advocates say that capital punishment is needed in order to deter future criminals, but this is not entirely the case. Research has shown that capital punishment, as a deterrent, has no positive or negative effect. An influential student of the deterrence question, Thorsten Sellin, conducted a study that would attempt to determine the effect of capital punishment on future crime. He studied the homicide rates in contiguous states, some with and some without the death penalty, on the assumption that these states were as alike as possible in character of population, social and economic conditions, etc. His conclusion was that the death penalty had no effect on the murder rate (Sellin, 63). This is not to say that the study performed by Sellin was perfect, for it did contain flaws. In his attempt, he looked for correlations between the homicide rate and the legal status of the death penalty, rather than the number of executions actually carried out in the states where it was legal punishment. As it may be true that contiguous states are similar in certain respects, their differences may be quite apparent. Sellin looked for characteristics evident in all of the states he compared, but these same factors may not be part of the real reason that leads to homicide. He had no way of knowing if these states were equal in all other respects, such as apprehending and convicting those who commit murder. There is simply no absolute in controlling all factors. The issue of deterrence has been the basis on which advocates or abolitionists have grounded their arguments. It would be safe to assume that both sides have varying definitions for the term â€Å"deterrence† and the manner in which they utilize that definition to their advantage. Gertrude Ezorsky offers a dichotomous definition of deterrence that is useful in deciphering the meanings behind the arguments. Ezorsky makes a distinction between the effects of a threat of a punishment and ... ...ways that allow proponents or opponents to advance their own views. What also hinders the advance of this debate is that fact that the installation and implementation of capital punishment is inconsistent, for it is abolished, then brought back again. Many factors are taken into account in determining whether capital punishment is effective, but I am in complete agreement with Peter Passell when he says, â€Å"proof is simply beyond the capacity of empirical social science† (Passell, 79). Bibliography Berns, Walter, For Capital Punishment: Crime and the Morality of the Death Penalty. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1979. Cederblom, Jerry, â€Å"The Retributive Liability Theory of Punishment,† Public Affairs Quarterly 9, 4 (1995), 305-15. Ezorsky, Gertrude, Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1972. Passell, Peter, â€Å"The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty: A Statistical Test,† Stanford Law Review 28 (Nov. 1975), 79-80. Sellin, Thorsten, The Death Penalty. Philadelphia: American Law Institute, 1959. Van Den Haag, Ernest, â€Å"On Deterrence and the Death Penalty,† The Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, and Police Science 60, 2 (June 1969), 141-47.

Part Five Chapter V

V Krystal was walking along Foley Road in the early morning sunlight, eating a banana. It was an unfamiliar taste and texture, and she could not make up her mind whether she liked it or not. Terri and Krystal never bought fruit. Nikki's mother had just turfed her unceremoniously out of the house. ‘We got things to do, Krystal,' she had said. ‘We're going to Nikki's gran's for dinner.' As an afterthought, she had handed Krystal the banana to eat for breakfast. Krystal had left without protest. There was barely enough room for Nikki's family around the kitchen table. The Fields were not improved by sunshine, which merely showed up the dirt and the damage, the cracks in the concrete walls, the boarded windows and the litter. The Square in Pagford looked freshly painted whenever the sun shone. Twice a year, the primary school children had walked through the middle of town, crocodile fashion, on their way to church for Christmas and Easter services. (Nobody had ever wanted to hold Krystal's hand. Fats had told them all that she had fleas. She wondered whether he remembered.) There had been hanging baskets full of flowers; splashes of purple, pink and green, and every time Krystal had passed one of the planted troughs outside the Black Canon, she had pulled off a petal. Each one had been cool and slippery in her fingers, swiftly becoming slimy and brown as she clutched it, and she usually wiped it off on the underside of a warm wooden pew in St Michael's. She let herself into her house and saw at once, through the open door to her left, that Terri had not gone to bed. She was sitting in her armchair with her eyes closed and her mouth open. Krystal closed the door with a snap, but Terri did not stir. Krystal was at Terri's side in four strides, shaking her thin arm. Terri's head fell forwards onto her shrunken chest. She snored. Krystal let go of her. The vision of a dead man in the bathroom swam back into her subconscious. ‘Silly bitch,' she said. Then it occurred to her that Robbie was not there. She pounded up the stairs, shouting for him. †M'ere,' she heard him say, from behind her own closed bedroom door. When she shouldered it open, she saw Robbie standing there, naked. Behind him, scratching his bare chest, lying on her own mattress, was Obbo. ‘All righ', Krys?' he said, grinning. She seized Robbie and pulled him into his own room. Her hands trembled so badly that it took her ages to dress him. ‘Did ‘e do somethin' to yer?' she whispered to Robbie. †M'ungry,' said Robbie. When he was dressed, she picked him up and ran downstairs. She could hear Obbo moving around in her bedroom. ‘Why's ‘e ‘ere?' she shouted at Terri, who was drowsily awake in her chair. ‘Why's ‘e with Robbie?' Robbie fought to get out of her arms; he hated shouting. ‘An' wha' the fuck's that?' screamed Krystal, spotting, for the first time, two black holdalls lying beside Terri's armchair. ‘S'nuthin',' said Terri vaguely. But Krystal had already forced one of the zips open. ‘S'nuthin'!' shouted Terri. Big, brick-like blocks of hashish wrapped neatly in sheets of polythene: Krystal, who could barely read, who could not have identified half the vegetables in a supermarket, who could not have named the Prime Minister, knew that the contents of the bag, if discovered on the premises, meant prison for her mother. Then she saw the tin, with the coachman and horses on the lid, half-protruding from the chair on which Terri was sitting. ‘Yeh've used,' said Krystal breathlessly, as disaster rained invisibly around her and everything collapsed. ‘Yeh've fuckin' – ‘ She heard Obbo on the stairs and she snatched up Robbie again. He wailed and struggled in her arms, frightened by her anger, but Krystal's grip was unbreakable. ‘Fuckin' lerrim go,' called Terri fruitlessly. Krystal had opened the front door and was running as fast as she could, encumbered by Robbie who was resisting and moaning, back along the road.

Of Mice and Men’ is a novel about people Essay

Of Mice and Men’ is a novel about people. Are there â€Å"too many cripples, misfits and unusual characters† in the novel to consider Steinbeck’s portrayal as true life? Steinbeck’s novel is based on ordinary people during the American Depression. Steinbeck has an understanding of how migrant workers were and how it was as he had his childhood in California near Salinas Valley. During the period in which the novel was wrote was written migrant workers went from ranch to ranch working for money never really having a secure job as new technology in machinery made it cheaper to harvest crops. This introduces the two main characters George and Lennie, migrant workers, who do not fit into 1930’s society. The novel based is on characters that represent different walks of life during the period illustrating the American culture. Steinbeck portrays the American culture in a condensed version occurring only on a ranch, showing the grim truces of the society, when the novel was written In Steinbeck’s novel the character Candy is a man who has gone past his prime of his life. He has a stumped hand and therefore he is too maimed to be working in the fields, he can be seen as a cripple in the novel. The result of this is that he has menial job as a swamper. To represent the fears of time Steinbeck writes about Candy being worried about getting the †can† as a result of his unimportance on the ranch, and this is shown when Steinbeck wrote †I ain’t much good with o’ny hand. I lost my hand right here on this ranch. That’s why they give me a job swampin† This suggests that the job was only given to Candy out of sympathy. Furthermore Candy saying †I ain’t much good† shows his awareness of his own situation, being worthless to the ranch. Candy represents the aged sector that exists in every society, at the time the novel was written work was very scarce and if people were employed they would have to work hard to say in work. Candy as an aged person is on his last job, because if he loses it no one else will take him on. This is his major fear throughout the novel and Steinbeck portrays the aged migrant worker as a pathetic man with only a dog to keep him company. Steinbeck writes †Candy looked a long time at Slim to try and find some reversal† The above statement suggests that Candy has no authority with the other workers on the ranch and needs Slim to assist him; this shows Candy, as a cripple, has no respect from the other characters, which is a portrayal of true life during the American Depression. With the ‘dog eat dog world’ of the period skill, strength, intelligence, age and skin colour affected authority. Candy has a change of attitude after hearing about the ‘dream’ soon after his dog was shot, Steinbeck choosing to write the ‘dream’ being heard by Candy at this point in the novel when the character had lost everything that was important, gives the cripple hope for the future as his past (with his dog) is finished. Sadly the dog is a symbol of his possible future, the fate of the aged. In a time of mass unemployment and the fear of loneliness compels Candy to latch himself onto a belief to persevere in the harsh lonely world and this gives Candy the renewed confidence. Steinbeck shows the change of Candy’s attitude after he hears about the ‘dream’, †Candy joined the attack with joy ‘Glove fulla Vaseline,’ he said disgustedly.† This quote enhances the change in the character of Candy, as before he did not say anything in general conversation between the workers and at this point he was important. The verb †attack† shows Candy’s aggression against Curley, who has a higher status than Candy and is more important to the running of the ranch and is the bosses son, not a cripple and stronger. The adjective †disgustedly† in the quote shows that Candy is sickened by Curley and Curley’s attitude to others and Candy himself. This shows Candy is more than a cripple in the story, but a character who needs an image of a better future for himself with no worries. The ‘dream’ of getting a ranch of their own is the need for some security can be compared as a pension in a modern view. Once Candy has this security in the ‘dream’ Steinbeck enhances the character making him bolder, and his character comes out from the shell of an old cripple. In chapter two Steinbeck introduces the reader to the character of Crooks. The name Crooks is not used for him at the start of the novel and it is only later on that he is called Crooks. The names used for him are derogatory labels including ‘stable buck’, ‘nigger’ and Crooks. Throughout the whole novel the reader never finds out the character’s real name, which adds to the effectiveness of the character being a misfit. Steinbeck enhances the idea of Crooks being a misfit when he writes †They let the nigger come in. Little skinner name of Smitty took after the nigger. Done pretty good, too† This depicts that the other characters do not see Crooks a real human being but as an object of entertainment. Steinbeck conveys how a black man fits into the society of the period through racism. Crooks is a misfit in the novel because of his skin colour and his physical appearance, because of this he is segregated from the other workers on the ranch. This can be shown by †They let the nigger come in† this implies that the others do not want to be around him and that it is an important event when he does. The above quote can also suggest that Crooks wants to be sociable with the others and the word †let† suggests that the character has tried before. His injury to his back illustrates to the reader that he can be put into a category with Candy, as a cripple. The connection between the two is deeper than them both have a disability. Steinbeck brings them both together in chapter 4 at the start of the novel when he writes †Yeah. Nice fella, too.† Candy is shown to have a high regards and respect for him; Steinbeck puts them in the same situation in the novel. Candy and Crooks as cripples both need to belong to something as there is always the threat of getting the ‘can’ or a similar consequence to of Candy’s dog. One may think that Steinbeck was trying to portray a bridge across racism in the period with a white man and black man wanting the same ‘dream’. As Crooks changes his view in the novel from being a defensive one to felling some hope about the dream too. At first Crooks’ attitude to †little piece of land in his head† is an objectionable because society has made him pessimistic and spiteful to any sign of others having some ‘dream’ of happiness knowing that he can not have any because of race. However when he hears about the money he is more open and suggests he wants to be apart of it, this can be shown when Steinbeck wrote †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦If you †¦ guys would want a hand to work for nothing- just his keep† This quotes conveys Crooks’ hope in the ‘dream’ and he wants to be apart of it to be secure and treated as an equal. The reader learns a valuable lesson from Crooks and Steinbeck portrays it effectively that society is in the wrong not that the characters. Steinbeck illustrates Crooks as being †a proud son of a bitch† with his tidy room but this does not make just a misfit or a cripple but he has humanity with all other blacks. That’s why a lot of time is devoted to him in the novel, his role is equally important to the social statement made by Steinbeck. The end of this key chapter with Crooks in, chapter 4, unhappily ends how it began with Crooks rubbing medicine into his back, this is a powerful message put across to the audience which may evoke the reader to think that society will not change unless we change society. Crooks had briefly gained some respect from other white males and had hope for the future, but it is when this happens that a women shattered his hopes, this would be terrible to Crooks because women were thought to be lower and weaker than men, so being put down by Curley’s wife made him worth nothing, just like during the beginning of this chapter. A character that is, in essence, unusual is Curley’s Wife. She is unusual because she is the only female character who speaks in this novel. Steinbeck’s portrayal of women in this novel is not in a good light, given that the men go to a brothel. Women typically represented as objects of sexual nature not as partners or equals but as. Curley’s Wife is unusual in a way that she is the only women on a ranch full of men going around dressed to seduce, this can be shown in †She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red.† Steinbeck suggests that she is trouble by all the †red† in the description, with †red† bringing up connotations of danger. The red also can connote seduction. Steinbeck’s character has a habit of looking for her husband which can suggest that she is lonely and is constantly seeking attention from the other men, another reason for dressing up seductively is to conceal her loneliness, Steinbeck includes her in the novel to portray the American housewife, wanting to be something more than a housewife. This was typical during this period of social change with Hollywood and women becoming celebrities, which is exciting compared to a life on the ranch. Steinbeck effectively portrays this in †He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural.† This implies to the reader that she wanted something more to her life than to be stuck on a ranch. This however makes her a misfit on the ranch in the novel because of her wanting a different ‘dream’ to come true, but during that period people were fascinated about celebrities so the character of Curley’s Wife can represent the women’s struggle during the American Depression. We learn from the novel that society during that period was male orientated and that women were beginning to have their own ‘dreams’ other than finding a good man to marry. Throughout the whole novel the reader is aware of Lennie being a misfit in the novel. When the reader is first introduced to this character his physical description suggests that he is misfit †large pale eyes† can connote the lack of intelligence, giving the sense of subdued expression, the adjective †large† agrees with the stature of Lennie, though the adjective †pale† implies the mindlessness of him. The other characters in the novel who are misfits, unusual characters or cripples have a physical or emotional problem but Lennie as one of the lead characters is different with an intelligence problem; this engages the reader’s sympathy as Lennie is every childlike. Steinbeck writes about the childlike behaviour of Lennie in †Lennie was still smiling with delight at the memory of the ranch† This quote depicts Lennie’s lack of social skills, like a child, which gets the character into a trouble that wouldn’t have really happened in the novel if the character was not a misfit, such as what happened in Weed where he stroked the women’s dress not knowing that he was doing something wrong and ended up being outcast and hunted. Steinbeck’s 1930’s society is not tolerant of Lennie and his disability to handle a difficult social problem. Society when this novel was written is not an understanding one and Steinbeck dramatically portrays this by the fight in the novel. Steinbeck shows the reader during that period people acted too rash and unsympathetic, and Steinbeck with this novel wants people to take notice of society and for it to be more tolerant to misfits, cripples and in a sense unusual characters. Steinbeck leaves the ending of Lennie at a moderately neutral point of view; this lets one make up ones mind to know that it’s a tragedy. On one side that it is a tragedy that Steinbeck’s characters have no acknowledgment of Lennie killing Curley’s Wife by accident and that he has no understanding of death and his own strength. On the other side some readers may believe that Lennie should be shot because he killed a human, even with his lack of intelligence it still make him a danger to society. Steinbeck writes his death in the place where Lennie suits best throughout the whole novel, in nature †Suddenly Lennie appeared out of the brush, and he came as silently as a creeping bear moves.† This quote implies that Lennie suited the environment that he was in, and the metaphor †a creeping bear moves† is a powerful one. In addition, it conveys the character to be almost part of nature and if he was never meant for society. As a result of this, the reader may think it is less of a tragedy as Lennie dies where he belongs. Steinbeck portrays the purpose of Lennie’s character of being the character that allows people to have a ‘dream’. Lennie is the one to console in and not to put down people, because he has no real understanding of how the world works. Candy and Crooks benefit from having time with Lennie as Candy has someone to talk too furthermore ensuring Candy a no opposition to joining the ‘dream’, which may not have occurred if Lennie was not a misfit to society. Crooks has someone to talk to without no prejudice as it because of Lennie being unintelligent, he did not understand the concept of racism. Lastly, Lennie ensured Curley’s Wife finally got someone to talk to in the novel. Steinbeck’s misfit Lennie shows the flaws in society that needs to be exposed in true life. If there were more people like Lennie on the ranch (society) there would be more empathy towards others and their feelings and there wouldn’t be feelings of superiority other one another. George and Lennie have a friendship that is not typical of the period in which the novel was set. Two men travelling around together and working together was unheard of, the American Depression saw people distant themselves from each other. With no security, men chose not to trust each other. Steinbeck depicts this effectively throughout the whole novel. This relationship is not typical of the era, Steinbeck shows this when he writes †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Guys like us, that work on the ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This illustrates the stereotype of the migrant worker making this unusual relationship out of place in the novel and Steinbeck wanted to show this by the effects of their relationship upon the characters. The relationship being not of true life has a sense of inevitable doom to it. Steinbeck depicts the relationship to draw other characters to it so that they can belong even though the friendship creates suspicion in; †He hooked his thumbs in his belt and squinted one eye nearly closed† This expresses to the reader the Boss had never seen it before and that thinks it trouble, with †squinted one eye† the verb creates suspicion. This clearly emphasis the idea, that the relationship sparks the plot with eventually, Lennie killing Curley’s Wife. Perhaps Steinbeck shows this because he is making a social statement on the period where people just can not trust in one another or be emotionally close to each other, with out anything going wrong. George and Lennie’s relationship shows one how much empathy and understanding one man can have in another. Against everyone being antagonistic to the relationship George stuck by Lennie until he could no more. Steinbeck’s characters have a friendship that is destroyed by the attitudes in society of the period. In conclusion to this essay, Steinbeck has wrote misfits, unusual characters and cripples in ‘Of Mice and Men’ to show the faults and prejudices during the 1930’s American depression, in which the novel was written. Steinbeck’s characters portray different aspects to the life in the period. Crooks represents the life of a black man having to struggle through life being worth nothing because of skin colour, whilst Curley’s Wife represents how a women struggles in a male dominant society, the male dominant society being the ranch itself. Candy symbolises the aged in the period, being old is being useless and unwanted. Though the novel has misfits, unusual characters and cripples they would not have as much affect if they were not contrast to the more stereotypical characters of the period. Curley and Carlson show the reader the bleak and lonely lives migrant workers had. The contrast has a bigger and more meaningful social statement made by Steinbeck. The writer effectively shows this at the end of the novel. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin’ them two guys?†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This enhances the social statement made by Steinbeck, with Slim consoling George but the other more usual characters, Curley and Carlson, not coming together after the whole plot Steinbeck keeps them apart and socially distant, unaware of the situation George is in. the novel is also concluded within the novel where the image of the water snake an the heron. The whole novel is summarised, with the calmness to the heron snatching the water snake. Steinbeck implies this animal image that humans in a society live like animals and how that we have not evolved to be more tolerable of peoples differences; the consequence of this is Lennie’s death. Steinbeck conveys marvellously that this will keep transpiring as the heron returns to the pool to catch another water snake.

Henry Fairfield Osborn - A Profile of the Famous Paleontologist

Henry Fairfield Osborn - A Profile of the Famous Paleontologist Name: Henry Fairfield Osborn Born/Died: 1857-1935 Nationality: American Dinosaurs Named: Tyrannosaurus Rex, Pentaceratops, Ornitholestes, Velociraptor About Henry Fairfield Osborn Like many successful scientists, Henry Fairfield Osborn was fortunate in his mentor: the famous American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who inspired Osborn to make some of the greatest fossil discoveries of the early 20th century. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey in Colorado and Wyoming, Osborn unearthed such famous dinosaurs as Pentaceratops and Ornitholestes, and (from his vantage point as president of the American Museum of Natural History in New York) was responsible for naming both Tyrannosaurus Rex (which had been discovered by museum employee Barnum Brown) and Velociraptor, which had discovered by another museum employee, Roy Chapman Andrews. In retrospect, Henry Fairfield Osborn had more of an impact on natural history museums than  he did on  paleontology; as one biographer says, he was a first-rate science administrator and a third-rate scientist. During his tenure at the American Museum of Natural History, Osborn spearheaded innovative visual displays designed to attract the general public (witness the dozens of habitat dioramas featuring realistic-looking prehistoric animals, which can still be seen in the museum today), and thanks to his efforts the AMNH remains the premier dinosaur destination in the world. At the time, however, many museum scientists were unhappy with Osborns efforts, believing that money spent on displays could be better spent on continuing research. Away from his fossil expeditions and his museum, unfortunately, Osborn had a darker side. Like many affluent, educated, white  Americans of the early 20th century, he was a firm believer in eugenics (the use of selective breeding to weed out less desirable races), to the extent that he imposed his prejudices on some museum galleries, misleading an entire generation of children (for example, Osborn refused to believe that the distant ancestors of humans resembled apes more than they did Homo sapiens).  Perhaps  more oddly, Osborn never quite came to terms with the theory of evolution, preferring the semi-mystical doctrine of orthogenetics (the belief that life is driven to increasing complexity by a mysterious force, and not the mechanisms of genetic mutation and natural selection).

The Intolerable Acts (1774) in the American Revolution

The Intolerable Acts (1774) in the American Revolution The Intolerable Acts were passed in spring 1774, and helped cause the American Revolution (1775-1783). Background In the years after the French and Indian War, Parliament attempted to levy taxes, such as the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, on the colonies to aid in covering the cost of maintaining the empire. On May 10, 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act with the goal of aiding the struggling British East India Company. Prior to the passage of the law, the company had been required to sell its tea through London where it was taxed and duties assessed. Under the new legislation, the company would be permitted to sell tea directly to the colonies without the additional cost. As a result, tea prices in America would be reduced, with only the Townshend tea duty assessed. During this period, the colonies, angered by the taxes levied by the Townshend Acts, had been systematically boycotting British goods and claiming taxation without representation. Aware that the Tea Act was an attempt by Parliament to break the boycott, groups such as the Sons of Liberty, spoke out against it. Across the colonies, British tea was boycotted and attempts were made to produce tea locally. In Boston, the situation climaxed in late November 1773, when three ships carrying East India Company tea arrived in the port. Rallying the populace, the members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans and boarded the ships on the night of December 16. Carefully avoiding damaging other property, the raiders tossed 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor. A direct affront to British authority, the Boston Tea Party forced Parliament to take action against the colonies. In retribution for this affront to royal authority, the Prime Minister, Lord North, began passing a series of five laws, dubbed the Coercive or Intolerable Acts, the following spring to punish the Americans. The Boston Port Act Passed on March 30, 1774, the Boston Port Act was a direct action against the city for the previous Novembers tea party. The legislation dictated that the port of Boston was closed to all shipping until full restitution was made to the East India Company and the King for the lost tea and taxes. Also included in the act was the stipulation that the colonys seat of government should be moved to Salem and Marblehead made a port of entry. Loudly protesting, many Bostonians, including Loyalists, argued that the act punished the entire city rather than the few who were responsible for the tea party. As supplies in the city dwindled, other colonies began sending relief to the blockaded city. Massachusetts Government Act Enacted on May 20, 1774, the Massachusetts Government Act was designed to increase royal control over the colonys administration. Abrogating the colonys charter, the act stipulated that its executive council would no longer be democratically elected and its members would instead be appointed by the king. Also, many colonial offices that were previously elected officials would henceforth be appointed by the royal governor. Across the colony, only one town meeting was permitted a year unless approved by the governor. Following General Thomas Gages use of the act to dissolve the provincial assembly in October 1774, Patriots in the colony formed the Massachusetts Provincial Congress which effectively controlled all of Massachusetts outside of Boston. Administration of Justice Act Passed the same day as the previous act, the Administration of Justice Act stated that royal officials could request a change of venue to another colony or Great Britain if charged with criminal acts in fulfilling their duties. While the act allowed travel expenses to be paid to witnesses, few colonists could afford to leave work to testify at a trial. Many in the colonies felt it was unnecessary as British soldiers had received a fair trial after the Boston Massacre. Dubbed the Murder Act by some, it was felt that it allowed royal officials to act with impunity and then escape justice. Quartering Act A revision of the 1765 Quartering Act, which was largely ignored by colonial assemblies, the 1774 Quartering Act expanded the types of buildings in which soldiers could be billeted and removed the requirement that they be provided with provisions. Contrary to popular belief, it did not permit the housing of soldiers in private homes. Typically, soldiers were first to be placed in existing barracks and public houses, but thereafter could be housed in inns, victualing houses, empty building, barns, and other unoccupied structures. Quebec Act Though it did not have a direct effect on the thirteen colonies, the Quebec Act was considered part of the Intolerable Acts by the American colonists. Intended to ensure the loyalty of the kings Canadian subjects, the act greatly enlarged Quebecs borders and allowed the free practice of the Catholic faith. Among the land transferred to Quebec was much of the Ohio Country, which had been promised to several colonies through their charters and to which many had already laid claim. In addition to angering land speculators, others were fearful about the spread of Catholicism in American. Intolerable Acts - Colonial Reaction In passing the acts, Lord North had hoped to detach and isolate the radical element in Massachusetts from the rest of the colonies while also asserting the power of Parliament over the colonial assemblies. The harshness of the acts worked to prevent this outcome as many in the colonies rallied to Massachusetts’s aid. Seeing their charters and rights under threat, colonial leaders formed committees of correspondence to discuss the repercussions of the Intolerable Acts. These led to the convening of the First Continental Congress at Philadelphia on September 5. Meeting at Carpenters Hall, delegates debated various courses for bringing pressure against Parliament as well as whether they should draft a statement of rights and liberties for the colonies. Creating the Continental Association, the congress called for a boycott of all British goods. If the Intolerable Acts were not repealed within a year, the colonies agreed to halt exports to Britain as well as support Massachusetts if it was attacked. Rather than exact punishment, Norths legislation worked to pull the colonies together and pushed them down the road towards war.

Social Causes of the Decline in Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social Causes of the Decline in Marriage - Essay Example Marriage is simply not respected as it once was. The expectation from marriage is eroded. The cult of personal autonomy and the rise of modern world and the views have only accelerated this process of ignoring marriages. Still, the decline of marriage as an institution is not uniform across the culture. Statistics show that marriage is losing ground among African Americans more quickly than within the society at large. The American family system has gone through a lot of changes in the past centuries-marriage and divorce rates, cohabitation, childbearing, sexual behavior, and women working outside the home (Cherlin, 2005). Though marriage generally remains the living arrangement for raising children, there are increasing number of poor and minority children growing up in single-parent families and experiencing family instability. Among the American racial groups since the 1960s, the decline of marriage as a social institution has been more evident with African Americans. According to Jones (2006), the African Americans have the lowest marriage rate among all racial groups in the United States. In 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. stated that more than 70 percent of all the black families in the United States are headed by married couples (Kinnon, 2003). But in 2002, that number was 48 percent. Moreover, there is an alarming increase in number of black women and men who have never been wedded. The 2001 U. S. Census reveals that 43.3 percent of black men and 41.9 percent of black women in America in comparison to 27.4 percent white men and 20.7 percent white women had never been married (Jones, 2006; Mohler, 2006). There is a much worse case that concludes that African American women are the least likely in the society to marry and they are increasing in number. From 62 percent of black women who are married, the number declined to 31 percent in the period between 1950 and 2002. Jones (2006) states that the overall marriage rate in the United States, weakened by 17 percent, while for blacks, it declined by 34 percent. Section A: Literature Review The decline of marriage by African Americans has been questioned by a lot of researchers through the years. There is a sudden urge to know the reasons of the shift in African American customs, in the community, in the people's consciousness that has made marriage seem unnecessary or unattainable (Jones, 2006). . Today 63% of the families headed by African Americans are by single parent. The direct impact of this reversal in attitude towards marriage is that there have been dramatic demographic changes in the number of Black children being reared by a single parent over the last decade. Arguments and discussions about the "pathologies" of Black families have intensified. New questions are raised regarding the impact of having Black children reared by their mothers without their fathers along with this demographic shift. Much of the research on single-parent families has tended to focus on male children and adolescents. Female Headed Black Families Noted sociologist E. F. Frazier

Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development - Essay Example In 2002, the World Health Organization encouraged the international communities to conduct studies on disasters and their impact on the genders, male and female. A pattern about the vulnerability was observed but needed evidence, further studies, and analysis in terms of â€Å"exposure to risk, risk perception, preparedness, response, physical impact, psychological impact, recovery and reconstruction†(WHO [a] 2002, p.1). As early as that time, WHO had reported that 2 billion people had been affected by a combination of natural and man-made calamities from 1990 to 1999,wherein nearly 30% died. And there seemed to be a trend of increasing disasters. . [Source: Zakour, M.J. and Gillespie,D.F. (2013). Community Disaster Vulnerability. p.12 ] II.Random Sample of Disasters Worldwide This research compiled a random set of disasters arranged in chronological order to verify such a report of increasing trend reported by the World Health Organization. ... Catalina Floods & Mudslides 128 1/2/2010 Haiti Earthquate 316,000 died. 2010 Russia Heat Wave 56,000 2010 Japan Heat Wave 1,718 2011 Brazil Rio de Janeiro Floods & Mudslides 1,000 It should be noted that according to the World Health Organization statistics for 2010 (Kaiser, H. 2012, p.1), the vulnerable sector of society affected by malaria epidemic is the pregnant women and children. Of the 216,000,000 cases in 2010 alone, 665,000 died of which most were children. Because the children were attended to by the female gender, they too were very vulnerable to the epidemic. As a result of such findings, one of the policies of WHO effective 2012 is the â€Å"intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. . .† (WHO [b] 2012, p.2). Hurricanes and storms worldwide also killed thousands from 1990 to 2011. In just this classification of a natural disaster, it can be seen how the female gender would actually be at a disadvantage by virtue of the fact that she is a weaker sex . Their trauma is aggravated by their being emotional to people and things they value and have lost. It would be but natural for women to feel the great damage when their homes are blown away or destroyed by the powerful twisters which could have carried every person who does not hide. Statistics are shown as follows: [Source: Weather Underground Inc. Hurricane Archive. Viewed February 16, 2013 @ http://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/hurrarchive.asp] It was discovered that natural disasters had lowered the life expectancy among women more than it does to men. In terms of total impact on the total population, women are more damaged in terms of living shorter lives compared to men whenever a disaster takes place.

The relationship between iron and zinc status and treatment of ADHD Essay

The relationship between iron and zinc status and treatment of ADHD (subject to modification) - Essay Example Diagnosis is therefore rather subjective and obtaining epidemiological data is cumbersome. Co-morbidities are often present and these make diagnosis even more difficult (Rowland, Lesesne et al. 2002). Despite these limitations, there are valid data that suggest that ADHD seems to have a higher rate of occurrence in white children than in black children in the USA (1.7% to 4.4% in 1997) according to treatment records obtained by physicians. (Olfson, Gameroff et al. 2003). Also, the national epidemiological survey in UK showed a lower prevalence of ADHD in black children than in white children (0.4% to 1.6%) (Meltzer, Gatward et al. 2000). There is the postulation that cases of ADHD in black children could possibly have been under-diagnosed in these societies simply because black families possibly lack access to health facilities due to poorer economic status. This argument may not be valid considering that even higher access to facilities by black families have not resulted in increas ed diagnosis of cases of ADHD in them. Moreover, the U.K epidemiological survey cuts across racial and socioeconomic barriers. ... The ADHD Help-Seeking model is a basis of understanding factors that are predictive of service access and utilization, with a view to using such understanding to break the barrier to service utilization in ADHD treatment (Eiraldi, Mazzuca et al. 2006). The model proposes that for effective treatment, there must first be problem identification on the part of the affected, and then the decision to seek help must follow. Also, service selection and service access by the affected are integral parts of the model pathway. It is believed that through its predictive nature, the model will provide answers to various questions regarding disparities in access to healthcare by various ethnic and racial groups. (Eiraldi, Mazzuca et al. 2006). The model however needs to be made stronger by reconstructing it on factors that are less general and are more specific for affected groups, so that individual needs could be more effectively met (Eiraldi, Mazzuca et al. 2006). Cultural influences could play a very significant role in the Teacher and Parent Ratings across cultural divides (Olfson, Gameroff et al. 2003). The prevalence rates for ADHD from 1997-2001 among African American, Hispanic and White children (6-11 years old) were obtained using a National Health Interview Survey. Information was obtained from parents about health and socio-demographic characteristics of their children. Drug therapy history was taken. Again, White children were found to have the highest rate of ADHD than any other ethnic group, though occurrence of learning disability was higher in the African American and Hispanic children. About 1% of Hispanic children were reported to have ADHD without LD, against 4% white children. Compared to white children, the percentage of

Shah Walliullah Essay Example for Free

Shah Walliullah Essay History itself stands evident to the fact that whenever Islam was in danger, by any agency or enemy, it was saved by such personalities who through their spiritual power not only saved it but also gave it a new life. The movement of Shah Wali Ullah was the first in the Subcontinent that aimed at socio-economic and politico – religious reformation of the degenerated Muslim society. * Introduction Hazrat Shah waliullah was born on 21st February 1703 in Delhi. He was born during the reign of Aurangzeb. He worked for the revival of Islamic rule and intellectual learning in South Asia, during a time of waning Muslim power.The original name of Shah Waliullah was Qutbuddin and his fathers name was Shah Abdul Raheem. Shah Waliullah had a son and 5 daughters from his first wife. His second wife bore him four sons:Shah Abdul Aziz Muhaddis Dehlvi, Shah Rafiuddin, Shah Abdul Qadir, and Shah Abdul Ghani. Shah Waliullah was, perhaps, the only Muslim scholar of Mediaeval India who realized the importance of economics in a social and political set-up. He advocated the maintenance of economic equilibrium in the society and strongly criticized the accumulation of wealth which leads to all sorts of evils in the world. He had visualized a social order based on economic equality, fraternity and brotherhood which are the principles governing Islamic socialist practices during the time of the pious Caliphs. Shah Waliullah visualized an ideal state of the days of the Pious Caliphs and strove to it. Analyzing his political thought, Iqbal states: The Prophetic method of teaching, according to Shah Waliullah is that, generally speaking, the law revealed by a prophet takes especial notice of the habits, ways and peculiarities of the people to whom he is specifically sent. The Prophet who aims at all-embracing principles, however, can neither reveal different peoples nor leave them to work out their own rules of conduct. His method is to train one particular people and to use it as a nucleus for the build up of a universal `Shariah. In doing so, he accentuates the principles underlying the social life of all mankind and applies them to concrete cases in the light of the specific habits of the  people immediately before him. * Early Education Shah Waliullah received his education at Madrasa Rahimiyya. His father was his teacher and source of spiritual guidance.He was a man of letters. He commenced his studies at the age of five and completed the recitation and memorization of the Quran by the age of seven. Thereafter, he commenced primary lessons in Persian and Arabic, which were completed in a year. Then, he studied the grammar and syntax of Persian and Arabic. He completed his studies in philosophy and theologyat the age of fifteen and then commenced his studies in mantiq, fiqh, hadith, tibb, algebra,mathematics, kalaam, spirituality, mysticism, oratory and metaphysics under his father. Thereafter, he was inducted into the tradition of bayat by his father and, by the age of seventeen, he was permitted to provide spiritual guidance to and reform his fellow [[Muslims, he became a mudarris (teacher) atMadrasa Rahimiyya. He held this position for twelve years. Then, in 1731, Shah Waliullah performed Hajj. He reached Makkah on May 21 and performed Hajj, after which he proceeded to Medina. There, he attended Shaikh Abu Tahir Muhammad bin Ibrahim Kurdi Madanis discourses on hadith. Shah Waliullah studied Sihah Sitta, Muatta Imam Malik, Masnad Daarmi, and Imam Muhammads Al Asaarunder him. Thereafter, he returned to Makkah, performed another Hajj, studied Al-Muwatta Imam Malikfor a second time under Shaikh Wafadullah Maliki Makki, and attended the discourses of ShaikhTajuddin Hanafi Qalai Makki on Sihah Sitta. Then, he was permitted to teach all of the kitabs of hadithby Shaikh Tajuddin. Thereafter, Shah Waliullah returned to India. His journey back to India lasted six months and he reached Delhi on January 1, 1733. * Achievements and Services After he had performed his second hajj, he returned to Delhi. He started his work in earnest. This was in a period when Muslims in India were passing through the most critical phase of their history and their entire social, political, economic and spiritual fabric was torn to pieces. On his arrival in Delhi, he started to train his pupils in diverse branches of Islam and entrusted them with the mission of enlightening people with the true nature of Islam. He embarked upon the task of authoring standard works on Islam and was able to complete a number of works on Islam. Shah Waliullah rose to be  an eminent scholar of Islamic studies. He was a prominent intellectual figure whose mission was to reform the Muslims he saw as misguided. His activities were not confined to spiritual and intellectual spheres only. He lived in troubled times and witnessed a number of rulers occupying the throne of Delhi. With his keen political insight, he observed the deterioration of Muslim rule in India and wrote to a number of political dignitaries to attempt to bolster the political life of Muslims in India. He established several branches of Madrasa Rahimiyya in Delhi in order to effectively disseminate his knowledge. * Reforms Religious Reforms a) Translation of the Holy Quran Shah Wali Ullah was the first in the subcontinent who translated the Holy Quran into Persian language for better understanding of the holy book. b) Explanation of Muatta †¢ The life and traditions of prophets were the second source of Islamic teachings. †¢ He established schools for the study of Hadith. †¢ He selected â€Å"Imam Malikis Muatta† as the most authentic collection of the Hadith. c) Synthesis of different schools of thought He wrote â€Å"Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan Sahab al Ikhtalaf,† in order to create a balance between the four schools of thought. His object was to alleviate the deteriorating condition of the Muslim society and to defend it from external threats. d) Emphasis on Ijtehad Shah Wali Ullah was the first person to emphasize the importance of Ijtehad for the solution of intricate problems in every day life. e) Efforts for the Revival of Islam He was against the limited universality of the a pplications of the injunctions of the Quran. He tried to resolve the controversies among various schools of thoughts and gave a new life to the spirit of Islam. Promotion of Madarras Rahimiya He rendered great services to Islam by the promotion of Madarrasah Rahimiya. Economic Reforms In his famous book â€Å"Hijjat-ul-Balagh,† he pointed out that social and economic factors were responsible for the problems in human society. The working and poor class was being exploited but the noble, ulema and rulers were being fed on the public treasury without performing their corresponding duties. Shah Wali Ullah raised his voice for: †¢ Economic equilibrium †¢ Removal of inequalities †¢ Equitable distribution of resources He appealed to the classes concerned responsible to realize their responsibilities and duties towards the people. Political Reforms Shah Wali Ullah wrote many letters to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ahmad Shah Abdali† and encouraged Najib-ud-Daula of Bengal to help him save the Muslim Community from the Marhattas. He gave a crushing defeat to the Marhattas at Panipat. The occasion was the culmination of Shah Wali Ullahs political efforts. Social Reforms He emphasized on all basic rights such as free dispensation of justice, equality, brotherhood, etc. * Shah waliullah’s 4 basic principles of economics Shah Waliullah has discussed about the four basic principles of economics; such as Production of wealth, consumption of wealth, distribution of wealth, exchange of wealth. The whole nation is participant in the production of wealth, so it should be distributed in the whole nation. He established the principles for distribution of wealth among people as well as the values that how the wealth should be consumed. That economic system is successful which establishes the principles for these four branches. * The first principle is that people living in specific geographic boundaries has the right over the resourcesof that area. That economic system in which all the people are equal no single person or specific class can get hold of the resources. He has narrated Hazrat Abu Bakkar Siddique in Aizaalatul Khifa â€Å"Equality is better in economics than giving priority to one group over other. * Second principle is that everybody has the right to have limited owner ship as the abilities of every individual are different. Not that the whole nation should have same clothing, food and houses. * Third principle is that any practice which concentrates wealth in certain hands will not be tolerated and the system will oppose it. * Fourth principle is that such a balance should be maintained in these factors that society develop as a whole. Shah waliullah stressed on the creation of a party on such principles which will end the outmoded system and built a new system which ensures the development of society as a whole * Literary career Shah Waliullah was a prolific writer. In the realm of Islam, he produced a number of memorable literary works and, within a period of thirty years, he wrote a total of fifty-one works of merit, twenty-eight inArabic and twenty-three in Persian. Some of these are still unsurpassed in the domain of Islamic literature. His most valuable service to Islam was that he codified the vast store of Islam under separate heads. Both in thought and  prediction, his works occupy an outstanding position. His works can be classified into six categories. The first deals with the Quran. It includes his translation of the Quran into Persian. According to him, the object of studying the Quran is to reform human nature and correct wrong beliefs and injurious actions. The second category deals with hadith, in which he has left behind several works such as commentaries on Al-Muwatta Imam Malik in bothArabic and Persian. Shah Waliullah also wrote a number of works and pamphlets on hadith. The third category deals with fiqah or Islamic jurisprudence, which includes lnsaaf fi Bayaan-e-Sahoobul Ikhtilaf, a brief yet informative history of Islamic jurisprudence over the five centuries before his life. The fourth category deals with mysticism. The fifth category pertains to his works on Muslim philosophy andkalaam. He also wrote a pamphlet on the principles of ijtihad (independent interpretation) and taqlid(conformity). In his principles of ijtihad, he clarifies whether it is obligatory for a Muslim to adhere to one of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence or whether he can exercise his own judgment. Shah Waliullahs greatest work is Hujjatullahil Baligha, which deals with such aspects of Islam that are common among all of the Muslim countries. The sixth category deals with his works on the problems between Shias and Sunnis. His theories pertaining to economics and socialism are of revolutionary nature. The miserable condition of Indian Muslims inspired him to improve their character, raise their morale, and inculcate a feeling of selflessness and love for their fellows in them. He overhauled the educational system and separated faith from unlawful invented traditions and unnecessary and unwanted suspicions regarding Islam. He presented what he considered pure and pristine Islam to people. extensively on several Islamic topics. His literary masterpieces are as follows: 1. Fathur Rahman fi Tarjumatul Qur’an: A translation of the Quran into Persian. A collection of 40ahadith which are brief yet of inclusive character. * Al Irshad ila Muhim 2. Al Faudhul Kabir fi Usoolut Tafsir: A booklet in Persian that follows his Persian translation of the Quran. It contains the nucleus of the Quran, the rules of interpretation, and interpretations of the Quran by various eminent scholars. 3. Hujjatullahil Baligha: Shah Waliullahs greatest literary work. Its title is derived from the Quran (Suratul Anaam:149). It  is a two-volume Arabic manuscript and elaborates about the jurisprudence from the hadith and necessities of the Shari’a. A partial list of the rest of his works is as follows: 1. Arbaeen (Arabic): matul Ilmul Isnad (Arabic): This work is about the scholars of Hijaz who taught Shah Waliullah. 2. Izalatul Khafaan Khilafatul Khulafa . The book is in persian and has been translated in Urdu as well.It endeavors to prove the soundness of the Islamic governance of the Khulfa-e- Rashideen (First four Islamic Caliphs) and also illuminates the salient features of an Islamic state[1] 3. At Tayyabul Naghm fi Madh-e-Sayyidul Arab wal Ajam (Arabic): A collection of odes eulogizing Muhammad, which display Shah Waliullahs poetic talent and love towards Muhammad. 4. Altaaful Quds: This woark deals with esoteric principles of mysticism. 5. Al Imdad fi Maathirul Ajdaad. A brochure outlining Shah Waliullah’s genealogical table and containing brief notices about some of his ancestors. 6. Al Intibah fi Salaasil ul Auliaullah .: A book which details the history of and a brief introduction to various mystic orders. 7. Insanul Ain fi Mashaaikhul Haramayn 8. Al Insaf fi Bayaanul Asbabul Ikhtilaf . This book discusses the sectarianism in Islam. It condemns the sectarian strife in Islamic societies and supports a moderate approach in dealing with sectarian issues. The movement of political as well as spiritual regeneration of Muslim India did not die with Shah Waliullah. His talented son, Shah Abdul Aziz, and his worthy disciples and successors, strove for the realization of his mission. The torch of Islamic revival kindled by Shah Waliullah was kept aloft by his worthy successors. The echo of the third battle of Panipat was heard in the battle of Balakot. Both form the landmarks of the same struggle. Shah Waliullah possessed a many-sided and versatile personality. His real greatness lies in the cumulative effect produced by his writings, by the contribution of persons trained by him and by the achievements of the school of thought founded by him. In religious matters, he struck a mean between extremes; in social affairs he strove to introduce in the Muslim society the simplicity and purity of early Islam; in the sphere of economics he advocated the revolutionary Islamic socialism and in the political field he forged a united Muslim front against the non-Muslim forces which were threatening to storm Muslim India.